Session 1 - Montefiore

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Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scenarios for the Madrid region 2020 A: Business-as-usual B: Compact development C: Scattered development Source: MOLAND (JRC) and Kasanko et al., 2006. Figure Land use changes for the Madrid region 2020 A: Business-as-usual B: Compact development C: Scattered development Km 2 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 – 100 – 200 – 300 – 400 – 273.37 – 152.59 Source: MOLAND (JRC). 426.16 Land use/cover class Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial and commercial Construction sites Airports – 84.71 – 145.61 230.52 – 276.37 A Lost agricultural land (2000–2020) Lost natural land (2000–2020) Growth of built-up areas (2000–2020) B C – 198.5 475.07 The drivers of urban sprawl Mineral extraction Dump sites Green urban areas Roads and railways Agricultural and natural land Urban sprawl in Europe 25
26 The drivers of urban sprawl Box 6 Istanbul: European megacity on two continents Istanbul is a large city at the very edge of Europe, and has a long and turbulent history at the crossroads of European and Asian cultures. Istanbul has always been among the largest cities in the world. At the turn of the 21st century there were approximately 10 million people living in Istanbul, 15 % of the Turkish population. This figure is estimated to grow by 2.5 million people by 2015 based on high birth rates and continuing migration from the countryside. In the past 50 years the growth of Istanbul has been stunning. The built-up area has expanded by 600 % and the population has grown even more, from approximately 1 million to 10 million. Istanbul has always been and still is a very densely populated city. The fact that it is divided by the Straits of Bosporus has created very specific land use development dynamics. Rapid growth has created numerous problems, such as traffic congestion, pollution (both air and water), unemployment and other social problems, large areas of unregulated housing (50–70 % according to Blue Plan, 2005) and squatter settlements, infrastructure which is lagging behind both the expansion of the city and increasingly restrictive environmental standards (Çağdaş & Berköz, 1996; Erkip, 2000). What will Istanbul physically look like in 2020? Population growth will remain a key driving force shaping the Istanbul of 2020. Growth of 25 % means 2.5 million new inhabitants, equivalent to the total population of Rome. It is also likely that with the modernisation of the economy and the changes brought by preparations for EU membership, the general standard of living will rise. The improved economic situation will lead to changing housing preferences, with increasing movement out of the city centre to the peripheral parts. (Ergun, 2004; Dökmeci et al., 1996). The new suburbs are typically more spacious, with dominance of larger detached and semi-detached houses, gardens etc. which particularly attract families (Dökmeci & Berköz, 2000). Even the phenomenon of gated cities, which are inhabited by the richest strata and guarded 24 hours a day with full commercial and recreational services have spread to the environs of Istanbul. There are almost 300 gated cities in the immediate vicinity of Istanbul metropolitan municipality (Blue plan, 2005). As a consequence of these developments the population density has dropped. The future of the squatter settlements is an unknown factor, although it is likely that rising living standards (Türkoğlu, 1997) and pressures from the EU will push the authorities to provide proper housing and services to the squatter settlements. The provision of improved housing for these areas will require the accommodation of the same number of people in apartments with at least double or triple the land take. Residential housing occupies only a part of urban space. Approximately one third is used for commerce, industries and transport purposes. These land use classes tend to grow at a much quicker pace than residential areas when the economy is expanding (Kasanko et al., 2006). As Istanbul will remain the engine of the Turkish economy and will inevitably attract a lot of foreign investment after joining the EU, it is certain that commercial and service related areas will grow very rapidly (Çağdaş & Berköz, 1996) and that new business and office areas will be built to accommodate the growth. The globalisation of the economy and rapid technological development will also create pressures for increases in commercial land. Attempts to alleviate major problems of traffic and congestion will require further space for new transport infrastructure. The Marmaray project linking the European and Asian parts of Istanbul via an underwater railway tunnel and linked to 76 km of combined tube and railway along the coastline will have a drastic impact on future land use in Istanbul. Future development paths: scenarios The land use scenario for the year 2020 follows the main trends from 1988 to 2000 with slightly smaller growth expectations. The estimated population growth of 2.5 million inhabitants is comparable to the growth from 1988 to 2000. The simulation was made using the MOLAND model (Barredo et al., 2003; Barredo et al., 2004). Three clear development tendencies are evident (see Map). First, the filling in of available land within previously built-up areas on both the European and Anatolian sides of Istanbul. Second, the growth along the coastline both westwards and eastwards. This is particularly noticeable on the western side of the European part of Istanbul where large new residential areas are built in the Bükükçekmece area between the two lakes near the coastline. The future Marmaray rail link on the Anatolian side will support the development of the areas close to the coast on the eastern part of the study area. Third, the conservation of the forest area north of Istanbul where there is relatively little new residential development occurring. Urban sprawl in Europe
Page 1 and 2: Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4: Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6: Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
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Page 13 and 14: Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16: Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18: Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25: Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27: from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29: growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 32 and 33: esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41: also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43: Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49: emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53: Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61: European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63: Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65: urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75: European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79: Appendix A.2 78
Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83: intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85: electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87: The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
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Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
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A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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application in many other suburban
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Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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