Session 1 - Montefiore

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The extent of urban sprawl in Europe Map 4 Urban sprawl in Germany, Poland and Czech Republic (1990–2000) Source: EEA, 2005. 0 100 200 Km we look ahead to the type of Europe we would like to see in the next 50–100 years, taking into account possible climate change and the many impacts and adaptation challenges it would pose (see Chapter 4, Section 4.1.4). Historical trends, since the mid-1950s, show that European cities have expanded on average by 78 %, whereas the population has grown by only 33 %. A major consequence of this trend is that European cities have become much less compact. The dense enclosed quarters of the compact city have been replaced by free standing apartment blocks, semi-detached and detached houses. In half of the urban areas studied in the Moland project, more than 90 % of all residential areas built after the mid-1950s were low density areas, with less than 80 % of the land surface covered by buildings, roads and other structures (Figure 2). Only in 5 of the 24 cities, all in southern or central parts of Europe, were more than 50 % of new housing areas (built since the mid-1950s) densely built-up. Trends towards new low density environments are also evident in the space consumed per person in the cities of Europe during the past 50 years which has more than doubled. In particular, over the past 20 years the extent of built-up areas in many western and eastern European countries has increased by 20 % while the population has increased by only 6 % (Figure 3). Time lags and uneven development Urban and infrastructure development 1 to 5 % 5 to 10 % More than 10 % Urban zones 1990 More than 50 000 people Green background index 0 to 60 % 61 to 100 % No data Sprawl is greater, and in many cases significantly greater, than would be expected on the basis of population growth alone (MOLAND). Only in Munich and Bilbao has population grown more rapidly than in the built-up area. Palermo with 50 % growth in population generated more than 200 % growth in the built-up area (Figure 4). Although the population is decreasing in many regions of Europe (Map 5 — blue tone), urban areas are still growing in those areas, notably Spain, Portugal and some parts of Italy (Map 5 — dark blue tone). Conversely, moderate increases of population accompanied by a large expansion of urban areas can be observed in Spain, Portugal, Ireland and the Netherlands. Major gains of population (> 10 %, through immigration) can only be observed in western Germany, where the average annual expansion of built-up areas is 47 000 ha/year, growth equivalent over 5 years to the area of Greater Copenhagen. European cites are also remarkably diverse in respect of urban residential densities (Figure 5). Generally, there is a tendency for residential densities to fall towards the north and west of Europe, and the five urban areas with residential densities of at least 10 000 inhabitants/km 2 are all located in southern or southeastern Europe. There is no tendency, however, for urban sprawl to vary with the density of cities, as irrespective of urban Urban sprawl in Europe 11
12 The extent of urban sprawl in Europe Figure 1 Annual growth of built-up areas from the mid-1950s to the late 1990s, selected European cities Annual growth in % 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Source: MOLAND (JRC) and Kasanko et al., 2006. Figure 2 Low density residential areas as a proportion of all residential areas built after the mid-1950s, selected European cities Sunderland Brussels Copenhagen Dublin Helsinki Belgrade Grenobl Dresden Marseille Trieste Lyon Vienna Pordeno Udine Tallinn Porto Milan Iraklion Bratislav Bilbao Munich Prague Istanbul Palermo 1980s–1990s 1960s–1980s 1950s–1960s Source: MOLAND (JRC) and Kasanko et al., 2006. Urban sprawl in Europe Sunderland Trieste Vienna Dresden Prague Copenhagen Munich Belgrade Marseille Dublin Brussels Pordenone Helsinki Bilbao Lyon Milan Tallinn Bratislava Iraklion Porto Grenoble Udine Palermo Istanbul 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %
Page 1 and 2: Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4: Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6: Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 11 and 12: Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
Page 13 and 14: Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16: Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18: Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25: Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27: from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29: growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 32 and 33: esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41: also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43: Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45: Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49: emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53: Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61: European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63: Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65: urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75: European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79: Appendix A.2 78
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Section 2 presents a brief review o
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intervention in these specific type
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electricity as trains in Belgium ar
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The majority of those districts are
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which were calculated with the same
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The last type of sensitivity analys
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(INSEE) in France, the Office for N
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Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
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A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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application in many other suburban
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Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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