Session 1 - Montefiore

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savings highlighted in the first analysis concern thus also buildings that have already been retrofitted. These types of strategies are efficient, particularly in non-insulated neighbourhoods. In terms of orientation, we determined that energy consumption in buildings varied only marginally (less than 2%) with the orientation of the neighborhood and the solar energy effect on vertical façades and roofs. This is due to the lack of optimization for solar accessibility in these types of neighborhoods. A potential for the use of bioclimatic principles exists and should be better utilized, namely through a more advantageous positioning of windows on façades. The impact of building distribution was tested for two areas with detached houses. The number of houses in each neighborhood was held constant, but we assumed the houses were grouped in fours (two terraced houses and two semi-detached houses). In these configurations, overall energy consumption decreased by 14.9% in the first case and by 10.0% in the third (case 2 already included terraced houses), confirming the influence of building distribution on energy consumption. Building distribution is more significant for buildings with less insulation. The sixth sensitivity analysis highlights the impact of location on overall energy consumption. If the first and third cases had the same benefits as the second (better bus services and proximity to urban centers), the overall energy consumption would decrease by 18.0% and 6.1%, respectively, mainly from a reduction in the number and distance of car trips (particularly in the first case study that is located far from city centre). Improving the performance of private and public vehicles, favoring shorter travels to work and school (by better housing locations) and favoring public transportation instead of private cars are also strategies for the improvement of energy efficiency in suburban areas. But, as older Belgian houses are poorly insulated, the absolute priority is to improve insulation in existing buildings. However, households’ location (that allows to reduce travel distances) and the performances of the vehicles will be more significant for new buildings and neighborhoods because the passing of the EPBD guarantees that new buildings are well insulated and more energy efficient. If all the buildings in a neighborhood were well insulated (as in the first scenario), these strategies could significantly increase the potential energy savings. Finally, our calculations show that more efficient management of the heating system could substantially reduce energy consumption in buildings. AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 15
DISCUSSIONS The application of the method developed to evaluate energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods to three representative neighborhoods in the Walloon region of Belgium demonstrates that energy performance in existing suburban neighborhoods is poor. A strong potential for the application of bioclimatic principles exists because solar gains are significant and masking effects are low. The sensitivity analyses demonstrate the benefits of several buildings renewal strategies. Increasing the insulation rate and favoring a more compact distribution of buildings significantly improve energy performance in buildings. LCA results showing the importance of the operation phase and the savings obtained through renovation (adding insulation in the roof and replacing windows) in energy consumption reinforce these strategies. Better management of the heating system, namely, activating or deactivating the system according to the occupation of the house, can easily improve the energy efficiency of buildings and neighborhoods. The results from this study highlight the importance of location on overall energy consumption and emphasize the importance for comprehensive energy analyses that consider both the building and the transportation sectors. Energy consumption in home-to-work, home-to-school, home-to-shop and home-to- leisure trips plays a significant role in overall consumption, especially when the energy performance of buildings is good. Location is thus an important factor to take into account when new districts are built. As far as limitations are concerned, our method uses dynamic simulation tools to assess heating consumption in buildings, which have been shown to give results significantly different from those observed in reality because of variations in inhabitant behaviors. Indeed, building operation and maintenance, occupant activity and indoor environmental quality, all of which are related to human behavior, are known to have an influence as great as or greater than climate, building envelop and energy systems (Hilderson et al. 2010), confirming the idea that green buildings and sustainability require more than efficient designs (Brandemuehl 2004). Real climatic conditions can also differ from the standardized data used in simulations. The software used in this analysis has been validated by the International Energy Agency Bestest (Benchmark for Building Energy Simulation Programs) (Peuportier 1989; Peuportier 2005). Nevertheless, it is not possible to compare the results presented in this paper with in situ AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 16
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Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
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EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
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Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Urban sprawl — a European challen
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from city centres, while retaining
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growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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esidential density, sprawl is equal
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
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The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
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also clearly demonstrate city spraw
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Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
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Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
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Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
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emote locations and requiring trans
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4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
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Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
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the societal cost of asthma has bee
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Box 8 Effects of residential areas
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5.2 The European spatial developmen
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Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
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Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
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Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
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Page 86 and 87: The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
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Page 96 and 97: A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
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Page 106 and 107: transportation represents 11.8% to
Page 108 and 109: most important. Insulating only the
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Page 116 and 117: FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119: PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
Page 126 and 127: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
Page 128 and 129: year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131: The new built density of the neighb
Page 134 and 135: uilding” approach. A large amount
Page 136 and 137: C. Comparison of our classification
Page 138: In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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