Session 1 - Montefiore

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measurements because of high variation in inhabitant behaviors. That is also the case for the consumption relating to hot water, electrical appliances and cooking that are known to be too dependent of the user habits (Verbeeck and Hens 2005). Thus, the figures presented here must be discussed by comparison to one another and with respect to the hypotheses and assumed conditions. However, they are useful in the identification of important factors related to energy efficiency. The conclusions and discussions presented in this paper are only valid for poorly or non insulated buildings and districts. Indeed, if the insulation of the houses is improved to fit the actual standard or if a more compact urban form is promoted, the relative percentage of building heating component (Table 4) falls below 50%. In these cases, or in newly built districts, others strategies, namely those relating to transportation and inhabitant behavior, must be promoted to reduce overall energy consumption. Finally, to transfer the main results of our research to citizens and stakeholders, an interactive decision making tool has been developed on the basis of the methods in this paper and made available on the internet. Our goal is to provide an assessment tool dedicated to building performance and transportation in Belgium. The tool will help public authorities and private developers to plan more efficient suburban developments and to improve energy efficiency in existing neighborhoods. Users of the tool can also identify practical strategies to reduce their energy consumption and test the impacts of different neighborhoods before choosing their housing location. CONCLUSIONS Although the environmental impacts and energy requirements associated with urban sprawl are well documented, low-density suburban areas continue to develop all over the world. To reduce the overall energy consumption of housing and transportation in the Walloon region of Belgium, a method has been developed to assess existing and proposed suburban neighborhoods. It considers the energy consumed by the heating systems in residential buildings, the public lighting network and transportation. The proposed method combines a classification of buildings, thermal simulations and empirical data. Results from an application of the method to three typical suburban neighborhoods demonstrated the applicability of the method and its ability to identify key factors and strategies for the improvement of energy efficiency in suburban areas. We highlighted the role of building insulation, the compactness of building distribution and AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 17
the location of neighborhoods in energy consumption. Inhabitant behavior also has a significant impact on the energy performance of suburban areas. By adjusting parameters, such as those related to climate, insulation or vehicle characteristics, the method can be transferred from the Walloon context to other countries and regions, including urban and rural ones. Further, the method can be used to design and build more energy efficient neighborhoods but also to retrofit existing ones, and thus, to combat urban sprawl, a common phenomenon in many areas all over the world. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was funded by the Walloon region of Belgium under the “Suburban Areas Favoring Energy efficiency” project (SAFE). Also, we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. REFERENCES Adalberth, K., A. Almgren and E.H. Petersen. 2001. Life cycle assessment of four multi-family buildings. International Journal of Low Energy & Sustainable 2. Blengini, G.A. 2009. Life cycle of buildings, demolition and recycling potential: a case study in Turin, Italy. Building and Environment 44:319–30. Boussauw, K. and F. Witlox. 2009. Introducing a commute-energy performance index for Flanders. Transportation Research Part A 43:580-91. Brandemuehl, M.J. 2004. Editorial. ASHRAE Research Toward Sustainable Buildings. HVAC&R Research 10(1):1-3. CEEW. 2007. Rapport analytique sur l’état de l’environnement wallon 2006-2007. MRW – Direction Générale des Ressources Naturelles et de l’Environnement. Report D/2007/5322/45. Cellule Etat de l’Environnement Wallon, Belgium. CEC. 2005. Green Paper on Energy Efficiency or Doing More With Less. Report CEC COM(2005) 265, Commission of the European Communities, Belgium. CPDT. 2002. Les coûts de la désurbanisation. Report Etudes et documents 1, Conférence Permanente du Développement Territorial, Belgium. CPDT. 2005. Contribution du développement territorial à la réduction de l’effet de serre. Rapport final de la subvention 2004-2005, Conférence Permanente du Développement Territorial, Belgium. EEA. 2006. Urban sprawl in Europe. The ignored challenge. Report EEA l 0/2006, European Environment Agency, Denmark. EP. 2002. Directive 2001/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Community. European Parliament and the Council. Glicksman, L.R. 2003. Promoting Sustainable Buildings. HVAC&R Research 9(2):107-9. Glicksman, L.R. 2007. Editorial: The Energy Crisis – The Need for More Balanced Solutions. HVAC&R Research 4:521-23. He, J., C.K. Bao, T.F. Shu, X.Y. Yun, D. Jiang and L. Brown. 2010. Framework for integration of urban planning, strategic environmental assessment and ecological planning for urban sustainability within the context of China. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2010.09.002. AF. Marique and S. Reiter, 2012. A Method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research 18 (1-2), 88-99. 18
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Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
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EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
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Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Urban sprawl — a European challen
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from city centres, while retaining
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growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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esidential density, sprawl is equal
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
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The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
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also clearly demonstrate city spraw
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Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
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Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
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Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
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emote locations and requiring trans
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4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
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Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
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the societal cost of asthma has bee
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Box 8 Effects of residential areas
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5.2 The European spatial developmen
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European regional forces generating
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Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
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Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83: intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85: electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87: The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
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Page 96 and 97: A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99: application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
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Page 104 and 105: energy consumption of a neighborhoo
Page 106 and 107: transportation represents 11.8% to
Page 108 and 109: most important. Insulating only the
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Page 116 and 117: FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119: PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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Page 128 and 129: year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131: The new built density of the neighb
Page 134 and 135: uilding” approach. A large amount
Page 136 and 137: C. Comparison of our classification
Page 138: In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
Page 149 and 150: as well as the ability to test fore
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Page 155 and 156: interdependences between urban stru
Page 157 and 158: These data were also used by Boussa
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Page 161 and 162: Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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