Session 1 - Montefiore

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from city centres, while retaining all the advantages of a city location, or enabled people to live in one city and work in another. The mix of forces include both micro and macro socio-economic trends such as the means of transportation, the price of land, individual housing preferences, demographic trends, cultural traditions and constraints, the attractiveness of existing urban areas, and, not least, the application of land use planning policies at both local and regional scales. Overall, evidence suggests that where unplanned, decentralised development dominates, sprawl will occur in a mechanistic way. Conversely, where growth around the periphery of the city is coordinated by strong urban policy, more compact forms of urban development can be secured. 1.4 Links to EU policies In essence, through the realisation of the 'internal market', Europe's new prosperity and economic development has put pressure on cities. The role and contribution of cities to Europe's economic growth, jobs and competitiveness, while also delivering social and environmental goals, has been addressed extensively by the EU institutions together with the regional and local authorities (European Commission, 2005). Sustainable urban development appears prominently in many European policy commitments, not least EU regional policy. To this end substantial EU Cohesion and Structural Funds budget transfers to Member States provide powerful drivers of macro-economic change to support EU integration. However, analysis shows that they can also create inadvertent socio-economic effects that have promoted the development of sprawl. The coordination of land use policies and Structural and Cohesion Funds investments remains key to support the containment of urban sprawl, which is complicated by the fact that EU intervention in many other, if not all, policy domains, impact on or are impacted by urban development. Urban sprawl — a European challenge One illustration of the extent of these interrelationships is the EU commitment to sustainable development and policies to tackle climate change: how can we ensure that the growth of urban greenhouse gas emissions due to the dominance of car transport in the EU's sprawling cities does not threaten to undermine EU Kyoto commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2020? Overall, the EU has an obligation in relation to the wide range of environmental, social and economic impacts of urban sprawl to define a clear and substantial responsibility, and a mandate to take an active lead in the development of new initiatives to counter the impacts of sprawl. 1.5 Who should read this report? This report is targeted at all those actively involved in the management of Europe's urban areas. The aim is to inform about the impacts of urban sprawl in Europe today and that without concerted action by all agencies to address the underlying causes, the economic social and environmental future of our cities and regions can be compromised. Subsequent chapters of this report describe the patterns of urban sprawl that have emerged throughout Europe during the post war period (Chapter 2), which are related to the global social and economic trends that form the fundamental drivers of sprawl (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 reviews the evidence of the impacts of urban sprawl, and concludes that the sprawling city creates major and severe impacts in relation to a variety of environmental, social and economic issues affecting not only the city and its region but also the surrounding rural areas. Finally, Chapter 5 examines the principles that could underpin the framework for action at EU level to combat urban sprawl. This would include increased policy coherence built around measures to secure policy integration via close coordination between policies in different domains, better cooperation between different levels of administration, as well as policy definition according to the principles of sustainable development. Urban sprawl in Europe 7
8 The extent of urban sprawl in Europe 2 The extent of urban sprawl in Europe 2.1 The European picture The process of urbanisation in Europe has evolved as a clear cycle of change during the post-war period from urbanisation to suburbanisation Map 1 Urban expansion in Europe (1990–2000) Canary Is. 50° 40° 30° Source: EEA, 2005. -10° 0 500 0° 1 000 km Urban sprawl in Europe 0° 10° to de-urbanisation and, most recently, to re-urbanisation. Historically, the growth of cities was fundamentally linked to increasing population. In contrast, urban sprawl is a more recent phenomenon and is no longer tied to population 10° 20° 20° 30° 40° Urban and infrastructure development Urban zones 1990 Green background index 1 to 5 % 5 to 10 % More than 10 % More than 50 000 people 0 to 60 % 61 to 100 % 50° 40°
Page 1 and 2: Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4: Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6: Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 11 and 12: Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
Page 13 and 14: Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16: Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18: Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25: Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 28 and 29: growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 32 and 33: esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41: also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43: Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45: Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49: emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53: Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 The European spatial developmen
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Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
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European Environment Agency Urban s
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Appendix A.2 78
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Section 2 presents a brief review o
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intervention in these specific type
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electricity as trains in Belgium ar
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The majority of those districts are
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which were calculated with the same
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The last type of sensitivity analys
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(INSEE) in France, the Office for N
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Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
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A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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application in many other suburban
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Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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