Session 1 - Montefiore

More documents

Recommendations

Info

of passengers-kilometres in the reference year. The consumption factor for the train is worth 0,15 kWh/person.km. Note that this is a mean value that integrates both peak and off-peak hours. The distance index (in km) represents the mean distance travelled (one way) by one worker/student from home to work/school. (2) Distance index (i) = ∑m Dmi / Ti The modal share index (in %) represents the frequency of use for each mean of transportation per territorial unit, according to equation (3), where NDn is the number of trips by mode n. (3) Modal share index mode n (i) = NDn / ∑m NDm Indices are calculated at three territorial scale: the census block (or district) scale, the former municipality scale and the municipality scale. In addition to these indexes, the annual energy consumption for home-to-work (or home-to-school) trips is calculated according to equation (4), where TDi represents the total number of home-to-work (or home-to-school) trips (one way) for all the workers (or students) living within the territorial unit i. This factor takes into account the number of working days for each worker. (4) Annual energy consumption (i) = Energy performance index (i) * TDi Note that the unit of energy chosen to express the energy efficiency of home-to-work and home-to- school trips (kWh) was chosen to allow for a comparison between energy consumption in transport Marique AF, Dujardin S, Teller J & Reiter S (In press) Urban sprawl, commuting and travel energy consumption. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Energy. 9
and energy consumption in the residential building sector (heating, appliances, electricity, etc.). This method is presented in Marique and Reiter (2012b). SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HOME-TO-WORK TRIPS Figure 2 presents the energy performance index for home-to-work trips, mapped at the municipality scale (2001 data) for the Walloon region of Belgium. At first glance, the general pattern of this map is similar to Van der Haegen and Van Hecke’s urban type classification presented in Figure 1. The two main cities (operational agglomerations) of the region, Charleroi and Liège, show the lowest energy consumption rate (shown in white in Figure 2) whereas suburban and more rural or remote parts of the territory have a much higher energy consumption rate (shown in dark grey and black). The highest transport energy consumption levels are found in two suburban parts of the region: the Brabant Wallon (in the North) and the area south of Luxembourg Province (in the South). These two areas have strong relationships with the metropolitan area of Brussels and Luxembourg-city, respectively, due to the high concentration of employment in these cities. However, the price of land close to these cities is relatively high, which encourages workers to live in remote suburban neighbourhoods and commute longer distances to their places of work. Moreover, public transportation is generally less available in these low-density developments, which results in a higher modal share of the private car. Table 1 gives the mean value of the energy performance index (kWh/travel.worker) for the three urban types and for the five biggest cities of the Region. Note that Brussels does not belong to the Walloon region, but many workers working in this city live in the Walloon region (see the yellow part on Figure 1). Table 1 highlights that transport energy consumption rises with the distance to city centres where much of the employment is concentrated. Travelled distances were also calculated for the three main urban types. These distances are shorter in operational agglomerations, as compared to the areas with less density. The modal share of the bus is higher in the operational agglomerations whereas the modal share of the train is similar in the three areas. Note that the policy of the Belgian national railway society, tend to close stations located in small towns and to reorganise its offerings around main stations and lines from west to east (Lille – Aachen, along the old industrial basin where many residents and jobs are concentrated) and from south to north (Luxembourg - Brussels). Marique AF, Dujardin S, Teller J & Reiter S (In press) Urban sprawl, commuting and travel energy consumption. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Energy. 10
Page 1 and 2:
Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4:
Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6:
Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
Page 13 and 14:
Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16:
Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18:
Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21:
EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23:
Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25:
Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27:
from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29:
growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31:
The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 32 and 33:
esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35:
The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37:
3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39:
The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41:
also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43:
Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45:
Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47:
Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49:
emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51:
4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53:
Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55:
the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57:
Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59:
5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61:
European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63:
Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65:
urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67:
Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69:
Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71:
C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73:
References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75:
European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77:
European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79:
Appendix A.2 78
Page 80 and 81:
Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83:
intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85:
electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87:
The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89:
which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91:
The last type of sensitivity analys
Page 92 and 93:
(INSEE) in France, the Office for N
Page 94 and 95:
Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
Page 96 and 97:
A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99:
application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101:
Our classification of buildings cur
Page 102 and 103:
to work and the mode of transportat
Page 104 and 105:
energy consumption of a neighborhoo
Page 106 and 107:
transportation represents 11.8% to
Page 108 and 109: most important. Insulating only the
Page 110 and 111: savings highlighted in the first an
Page 112 and 113: measurements because of high variat
Page 114 and 115: Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119: PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
Page 126 and 127: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
Page 128 and 129: year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131: The new built density of the neighb
Page 132 and 133: Appendix A.6 132
Page 134 and 135: uilding” approach. A large amount
Page 136 and 137: C. Comparison of our classification
Page 138: In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
Page 149 and 150: as well as the ability to test fore
Page 153 and 154: consumption is rarely taken into ac
Page 155 and 156: interdependences between urban stru
Page 157: These data were also used by Boussa
Page 161 and 162: Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
Page 165 and 166: 23,0%, even if the annual energy co
Page 167 and 168: or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
Page 169 and 170: Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
Page 171 and 172: Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
Page 175 and 176: NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
Page 177 and 178: Using ZEB design goals takes us out
Page 179 and 180: Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
Page 181 and 182: (Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
Page 183 and 184: energy is used. TDVs have been deve
Page 185 and 186: Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
Page 187 and 188: combined with selecting a favorable
Page 191 and 192: Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
Page 207 and 208: PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
Page 209 and 210:
Appendix A.11 209
Page 211 and 212:
396 buildings [17,26]. This review
Page 213 and 214:
398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
Page 215 and 216:
400 using photovoltaic panels will
Page 217 and 218:
Appendix A.12 217
Page 219 and 220:
assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
Page 221 and 222:
Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
Page 223 and 224:
the three case studies exhibit a st
Page 225 and 226:
PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
Page 233 and 234:
When writing your presentation, you
Page 235 and 236:
Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
Page 237 and 238:
Appendix B.3 237
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Status of biomass combustion power
Page 243 and 244:
Appendix B.5 243
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Status of ocean thermal energy conv
Page 249 and 250:
Appendix B.7 249
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
Page 255 and 256:
Appendix B.9 255
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
Page 261 and 262:
Appendix B.11 261
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
Page 267 and 268:
Appendix B.13 267
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
show all

Session 1 - Montefiore

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?