Session 1 - Montefiore

More documents

Recommendations

Info

eceived for exported electricity would have to offset energy, distribution, peak demand, taxes, and metering charges for both electricity and gas use. The ZEB Definition Selected Can Have an Impact on Future ZEB Designs The zero energy definition affects how buildings are designed to achieve the goal. It can emphasize energy efficiency, supply-side strategies, purchased energy sources, utility rate structures, or whether fuel-switching and conversion accounting can help meet the goal. Table 3 highlights key characteristics of each definition. Definition Site ZEB Source ZEB Cost ZEB Emissions ZEB Table 3. ZEB Definitions Summary Pluses Minuses Other Issues • Easy to implement. • Verifiable through on-site measurements. • Conservative approach to achieving ZEB. • No externalities affect performance, can track success over time. • Easy for the building community to understand and communicate. • Encourages energy-efficient building designs. • Able to equate energy value of fuel types used at the site. • Better model for impact on national energy system. • Easier ZEB to reach. • Easy to implement and measure. • Market forces result in a good balance between fuel types. • Allows for demand-responsive control. • Verifiable from utility bills. • Better model for green power. • Accounts for nonenergy differences between fuel types (pollution, greenhouse gases). • Easier ZEB to reach. • Requires more PV export to offset natural gas. • Does not consider all utility costs (can have a low load factor). • Not able to equate fuel types. • Does not account for nonenergy differences between fuel types (supply availability, pollution). • Does not account for nonenergy differences between fuel types (supply availability, pollution). • Source calculations too broad (do not account for regional or daily variations in electricity generation heat rates). • Source energy use accounting and fuel switching can have a larger impact than efficiency technologies. • Does not consider all energy costs (can have a low load factor). • May not reflect impact to national grid for demand, as extra PV generation can be more valuable for reducing demand with on-site storage than exporting to the grid. • Requires net-metering agreements such that exported electricity can offset energy and nonenergy charges. • Highly volatile energy rates make for difficult tracking over time. 11 • Need to develop siteto-source conversion factors, which require significant amounts of information to define. • Offsetting monthly service and infrastructure charges require going beyond ZEB. • Net metering is not well established, often with capacity limits and at buyback rates lower than retail rates. • Need appropriate emission factors. A source ZEB definition can emphasize gas end uses over the electric counterparts to take advantage of fuel switching and source accounting to reach a source ZEB goal. Conversely, a site ZEB can emphasize electric heat pumps for heating end uses over the gas counterpart. For a cost ZEB, demand management and on-site energy storage are important design considerations,
combined with selecting a favorable utility rate structure with net metering. An emissions ZEB is highly dependent on the utility electric generation source. Off-site ZEBs can be reached just by purchasing off-site renewable energy—no demand or energy savings are needed. Consistent ZEB definitions are needed for those who research, fund, design, and evaluate ZEBs. References ASHRAE. (2001). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Barley, C.D.; Deru, M.; Pless, S.; Torcellini, P. (2005). Procedure for Measuring and Reporting Commercial Building Energy Performance. Technical Report NREL/TP-550-38601. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Lab www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38601.pdf CEC. (2005). Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) Economics Methodology. www.energy.ca.gov/title24/ 2005standards/archive/rulemaking/documents/tdv/. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission. City of Boulder. (2006). Solar Access Guide, Building Services Center, Boulder, Colorado http://joomla.ci.boulder.co.us/files/PDS/codes/solrshad.pdf, last accessed May 2006. Deru, M. and P. Torcellini. (2004). Improving Sustainability of Buildings through a Performance-Based Design Approach: Preprint. NREL Report No. CP-550-36276. World Renewable Energy Congress VIII, Denver, CO: August 29−September 3, 2004. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 8 pp. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36276.pdf. Deru, M. and P. Torcellini. (2006). Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings. Technical Report NREL/TP-550-38617. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38617.pdf. EIA. (2005). Annual Energy Review 2004. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Mermoud, A. (1996). PVSYST Version 3.3. User's Manual. Geneva, Switzerland: University of Geneva, University Center for the Study of Energy Problems. www.pvsyst.com/. Last accessed September 2005. Torcellini, P., M. Deru, B. Griffith, N. Long, S. Pless, R. Judkoff, and D. Crawley. (2004). Lessons Learned from Field Evaluation of Six High-Performance Buildings. Paper #358, Proceedings (CD-ROM), ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, August 22-27, 2004, Pacific Grove, CA. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16 pp. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36290.pdf. 12
Page 1 and 2:
Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4:
Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6:
Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
Page 13 and 14:
Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16:
Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18:
Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21:
EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23:
Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25:
Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27:
from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29:
growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31:
The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 32 and 33:
esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35:
The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37:
3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39:
The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41:
also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43:
Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45:
Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47:
Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49:
emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51:
4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53:
Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55:
the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57:
Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59:
5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61:
European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63:
Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65:
urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67:
Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69:
Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71:
C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73:
References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75:
European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77:
European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79:
Appendix A.2 78
Page 80 and 81:
Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83:
intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85:
electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87:
The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89:
which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91:
The last type of sensitivity analys
Page 92 and 93:
(INSEE) in France, the Office for N
Page 94 and 95:
Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
Page 96 and 97:
A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99:
application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101:
Our classification of buildings cur
Page 102 and 103:
to work and the mode of transportat
Page 104 and 105:
energy consumption of a neighborhoo
Page 106 and 107:
transportation represents 11.8% to
Page 108 and 109:
most important. Insulating only the
Page 110 and 111:
savings highlighted in the first an
Page 112 and 113:
measurements because of high variat
Page 114 and 115:
Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119:
PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
Page 128 and 129:
year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131:
The new built density of the neighb
Page 132 and 133:
Appendix A.6 132
Page 134 and 135:
uilding” approach. A large amount
Page 136 and 137: C. Comparison of our classification
Page 138: In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
Page 149 and 150: as well as the ability to test fore
Page 151 and 152: Appendix A.8 151
Page 153 and 154: consumption is rarely taken into ac
Page 155 and 156: interdependences between urban stru
Page 157 and 158: These data were also used by Boussa
Page 159 and 160: and energy consumption in the resid
Page 161 and 162: Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
Page 165 and 166: 23,0%, even if the annual energy co
Page 167 and 168: or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
Page 169 and 170: Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
Page 171 and 172: Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
Page 175 and 176: NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
Page 177 and 178: Using ZEB design goals takes us out
Page 179 and 180: Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
Page 181 and 182: (Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
Page 183 and 184: energy is used. TDVs have been deve
Page 185: Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
Page 191 and 192: Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
Page 207 and 208: PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
Page 211 and 212: 396 buildings [17,26]. This review
Page 213 and 214: 398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
Page 215 and 216: 400 using photovoltaic panels will
Page 219 and 220: assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
Page 221 and 222: Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
Page 223 and 224: the three case studies exhibit a st
Page 225 and 226: PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
Page 231 and 232: Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
Page 233 and 234: When writing your presentation, you
Page 235 and 236: Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
Page 237 and 238:
Appendix B.3 237
Page 239 and 240:
When writing your presentation, you
Page 241 and 242:
Status of biomass combustion power
Page 243 and 244:
Appendix B.5 243
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Status of ocean thermal energy conv
Page 249 and 250:
Appendix B.7 249
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
Page 255 and 256:
Appendix B.9 255
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
Page 261 and 262:
Appendix B.11 261
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
Page 267 and 268:
Appendix B.13 267
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
show all

Session 1 - Montefiore

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?