Session 1 - Montefiore

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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings – a review Sigrid Reiter, ArcelorMittal International Network in Steel Construction, Sustainability Workshop and Third Plenary Meeting, Bruxelles, Belgique (07/07/2010) Different data sources are regularly used for this step. These are the most often used materials databases in the litterature: - The Ecoinvent database has been used in various LCA studies on buildings (Peuportier 2001; Popovici & Peuportier 2004; Blengini & Di Carlo 2010 ; Verbeeck & Hens 2010; Oritz- Rodiguez et al 2010). This database contains emissions and resources inventories for more than 4000 industrial processes, services and products. Verbeeck and Hens (2010) selected the Ecoinvent database (version v2.0) and affirm that it is the most extensive, the most complete and the most frequently updated database at the moment, with representative data for Western Europe, including Belgium. More details on the methodology of the Ecoinvent database (version v2.0) are available in Frischknecht & al. 2000, Frischknecht & Jungbluth 2007, Weidema et al 2009 and ECOINVENT 2007. - The SimaPro database (Scheuer et al 2003; Ortiz et al. 2009; Blengini & Di Carlo 2010). More details on this database are available in PRe 2000. - Worldwild LCI Database for Steel Industry Products (Brimacombe & al. 2004, Fujii & Nagaiwa 2005). More details on this database are available in IISI 2002, IISI website, Thomas 2009. These are other databases used in the literature (RMIT 2001; Scheuer et al 2003; Erlandsson & Borg 2003; Forsberg & Malmborg 2004, Oritz et al. 2009; Oritz et al 2010b, Blengini 2009): - the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape. More details on this database are available in SAEFL 1998. - the BEDEC PR/PCT 08 database that contains reference costs, generic technical documents and environmental information on more than 800 construction products. More details on this database are available in iTEC. - CML - Idemat 2001 - GaBi 4 Professional, - the Boustead Model 5.0 - US Life cycle inventory database. These materials data represent in general conditions in industrialized countries. Extensive data from developing and emerging countries is still lacking (Hertwich 2005; Oritz et al. 2009). Note that the use of European and American database may not lead to correct decisions in developing countries. For steel components, we recommend the IISI Worldwide LCI Database for Steel Industry Products using a common worldwide methodology for cradle-to-gate steel product (IISI 2002, IISI website, Brimacombe & al. 2004, Fujii & Nagaiwa 2005, Thomas 2009, Rossi 2010 (a), Rossi 2010 (b)). Both worldwide and regional averages (Western Europe, Far East Asia and Rest of the World) are available. In these cradle-to-gate data, the effects of recycling on process parameters are included. In order to assess more accurately the profiles of steel products, credits for recycling at end-of-life must also be considered. 1.3/ Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) The impact assessment phase of LCA is aimed at evaluating the conversion of emissions into environmental and health impacts of a product, system or service using the results of the life cycle inventory analysis. In general, this process involves associating inventory data with specific environmental and health impacts and attempting to understand those impacts. The level of detail, choice of impacts evaluated and methodologies used depend on the goal and scope of the study. LCIA Page 3
Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings – a review Sigrid Reiter, ArcelorMittal International Network in Steel Construction, Sustainability Workshop and Third Plenary Meeting, Bruxelles, Belgique (07/07/2010) is never a complete assessment of all environmental issues of the product or system under study. It will only address the environmental issues that are specified in the goal and scope of the study. This assessment may include the iterative process of reviewing the goal and scope of the LCA study to determine if the objectives of the study have been met or to modify the goal and scope if the assessment indicates that they cannot be achieved. There are several life Cycle Impact Assessment methodologies and tools. Depending on the system studied, it can be more or less relevant to study some environmental and health impacts, like global warming, acidification, etc. To each impact category corresponds a category indicator : a unit used to quantify the potential impact (ISO 2006a; ISO 2006b). One very well known impact category is for example climate change. All emissions that contribute to climate change (all greenhouse gases) can be assigned to that impact category, as for example CO2, CH4, CFK, O3, N2O. A commonly used impact indicator for that category is emissions in kg of CO2. Therefore, to quantify the potential contribution of the system under study to climate change, all the inventoried greenhouse gases need to be translated into CO2 equivalents. There are still many uncertainties and limits to the present state of the art of LCIA. The uncertainties concern both the inventories data and the impact indicators: for instance, the global warming potential (GWP) of other gases than CO2 is known with 35% uncertainty (IPCC 1994). The ISO 14044 does not prescribe any impact categories but gives some general recommendations for the selection of impact categories. Life cycle indicators are often chosen to be representative of broadly recognized areas of environmental concern, as well as being based on international conventions, agreements, and guidelines. This approach is consistent with the International Standards Organization’s (ISO) recommendations for LCIA methods, which state that ‘‘the impact categories, category indicators and characterization models should be internationally accepted, i.e. based on an international agreement or approved by a competent international body’’ (ISO 14040). In a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), there are essentially two methods: problem-oriented methods, called mid-points, and damage-oriented methods, called end points (Procter and Gamble 2005; Peuportier 2006). The mid-points approach involves the environmental impacts associated with climate change, acidification, eutrophication, potential photochemical ozone creation, human toxicity, etc. These impacts can be evaluated for example using the CML baseline method 2001, EDIP 97& EDIP 2003 or IMPACT 2002+. Peuportier (2001) and Blengini (2009) have proposed lists of indicators for LCA of buildings. There are objective and internationally recognized LCA indicators. But we should also notice that there is a need for specific indicators to be used in LCAs of the built environment (Vrijders & Delem 2010). Given the significant consumption of resources in the construction sector, impact categories related to the depletion of non-renewable resources, like land use for example, are also particularly relevant for building related LCA studies. But all models used for inventory analysis or to assess environmental impacts may not be available for all potential impacts or applications, e.g. models generally accepted by the scientific world for the assessment of land use or noise do not exist yet in the litterature (Peuportier 2006). On the other hand, Scheuer et al (2003) say that “All impact categories measured (global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, acidification potential, nutrification potential and solid waste generation) correlate closely with primary energy demand”. The choice of appropriate indicators and commonly accepted methodologies to analyze inventory results is thus always a subjective step (Blengini & Di Carlo 2010). One example is performed by Marique & Reiter (2010) : it concerns the modelling of environmental impacts of three isolation levels on a detached house for Belgian climate. For all types of houses Page 4
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Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
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EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
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Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Urban sprawl — a European challen
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from city centres, while retaining
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growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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esidential density, sprawl is equal
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
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The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
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also clearly demonstrate city spraw
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Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
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Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
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Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
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emote locations and requiring trans
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4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
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Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
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the societal cost of asthma has bee
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Box 8 Effects of residential areas
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5.2 The European spatial developmen
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European regional forces generating
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Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
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urban development plan and focused
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Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
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Annex: Data and methodological appr
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C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
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References and further reading Ambi
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European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
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European Environment Agency Urban s
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Appendix A.2 78
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Section 2 presents a brief review o
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intervention in these specific type
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electricity as trains in Belgium ar
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The majority of those districts are
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which were calculated with the same
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The last type of sensitivity analys
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(INSEE) in France, the Office for N
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Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
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A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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application in many other suburban
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Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
Page 141 and 142: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
Page 143 and 144: approaches. These methodologies hav
Page 145 and 146: travel through the urban area of Li
Page 147 and 148: METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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Page 169 and 170: Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
Page 171 and 172: Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
Page 175 and 176: NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
Page 177 and 178: Using ZEB design goals takes us out
Page 179 and 180: Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
Page 181 and 182: (Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
Page 183 and 184: energy is used. TDVs have been deve
Page 185 and 186: Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
Page 187 and 188: combined with selecting a favorable
Page 191: Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
Page 195 and 196: Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
Page 207 and 208: PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
Page 211 and 212: 396 buildings [17,26]. This review
Page 213 and 214: 398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
Page 215 and 216: 400 using photovoltaic panels will
Page 219 and 220: assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
Page 221 and 222: Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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Page 225 and 226: PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
Page 231 and 232: Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
Page 233 and 234: When writing your presentation, you
Page 235 and 236: Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Page 241 and 242: Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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