Session 1 - Montefiore

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Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban sprawl From an environmental point of view the future developments presented in these simulations are acceptable. Making the urban structure denser and channelling growth along the major transport axes reduces environmental impact, and retains large parts of the natural and agricultural areas in the vicinity of Istanbul. However, it should be emphasised that there are many drivers including housing preferences and land price, which are exerting pressure for less dense future development. Achieving more compact urban development and controlled growth necessitates political agreement on planning and zoning objectives and means of implementing them as well as the control of unauthorised developments. Map Istanbul 2000 and 2020 2000 Simulated 2020 Source: MOLAND (JRC) and Kasanko et al., 2006. Land use classes Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial and commercial areas Transport areas Green urban areas Agricultural areas Natural areas Other land uses Mineral extraction sites Water Urban sprawl in Europe 27
28 The impacts of urban sprawl 4 The impacts of urban sprawl 'Four out of five European citizens live in urban areas and their quality of life is directly influenced by the state of the urban environment' (European Commission, 2006). Urban development has impacts far beyond the land consumed directly by construction and infrastructure and its immediate surroundings. Economic development and the marginalisation of land by consequent urban development generates the need for new transport infrastructures to link them together, which in turn produces more congestion, and additional costs to society (SACTRA, 1995). These developments, supported in part by EU budget transfers, have given a powerful economic boost to many disadvantaged regions or regions undergoing restructuring throughout Europe. Some of the most visible impacts, evident in urban sprawl, are apparent in countries or regions with rapid economic growth (Ireland, Portugal, eastern Germany, the Madrid region), regions that have also benefited most from EU regional policies. New Member States, where little urban sprawl has been detected, may follow the same path of urban development in the coming decades. The environmental impacts will be greater as these areas still possess large amounts of natural landscape. In particular, transport needs are set to grow rapidly in the context of the enlarged EU and the new EU neighbourhood policy. Preliminary analysis indicates that these developments will impact directly on valuable areas of natural landscape. Experience shows, moreover, that many environmental problems generated by the expansion of our cities create economic and social implications for the city. Urban sprawl and the demise of local shopping and social infrastructures affect many cities with negative effects on the urban economy, as mentioned earlier. Furthermore, environmentally degraded urban areas are less likely to attract new enterprise and services, posing a significant impediment to further local investment. This in turn causes reallocation and the further exacerbation of urban sprawl. Environmental degradation also Urban sprawl in Europe tends to reduce house prices in the urban core leading to concentrations of socially underprivileged groups, aggravating social exclusion (Austrian EU Presidency, 2006). The drivers of sprawl and their impacts are fully interconnected and essential to the concept of sustainable development and the associated ecosystems view of the functioning of the city and its surrounding areas. Both concepts inform the analysis of the impacts of urban sprawl in this chapter of the report. The interconnectedness of impacts poses some of the greatest challenges for the design of effective policy solutions to combat the problems of sprawl. However, active urban renewal and redevelopment policies in many urban areas are successfully reversing the deconcentration of urban centres and the decay of central city districts (Working group, 2004). 4.1 Environmental impacts 4.1.1 Natural resources and energy Urban development involves the substantial consumption of numerous natural resources. The consumption of land and soil are of particular concern as they are mostly non-renewable resources. In contrast to changes in agricultural land use, the development of farmland for new housing or roads tends to be permanent and reversible only at very high costs. Over the past 20 years, as described in Chapter 2, low density suburban development in the periphery of Europe's cities has become the norm, and the expansion of urban areas in many eastern and western European countries has increased by over three times the growth of population (see Chapter 2, Figures 3 and 4). The problem of the rapid consumption of scarce land resources is graphically illustrated in the widespread sprawl of cities well beyond their boundaries (Figure 8). Urban sprawl has also produced increased demands for raw materials typically produced in
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Page 17 and 18: Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25: Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27: from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29: growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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Page 34 and 35: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
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Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
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Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
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Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
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A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
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application in many other suburban
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Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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