Session 1 - Montefiore

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The majority of those districts are only residential, even if urban sprawl also concerns commercial or industrial functions. As far as mobility is concerned, the dependence of these suburban areas upon cars is huge. National surveys held every ten years in Belgium show that car ownership is higher in suburban areas than in more densely populated areas (Verhetsel et al., 2007). According to these surveys, distances from home to work are also higher in suburban areas than in more densely populated areas because these neighborhoods are often developed far away from city centers where most of the employment areas are located. Moreover, because of the low population density of the Walloon suburban neighborhoods, public buses are often available at very low frequencies with low commercial speed and do not constitute a credible alternative to individual mobility. An application of the method is presented concerning the comparison of four existing suburban neighborhoods in the Walloon region of Belgium. Given that urban sprawl is observed throughout the whole region, one representative suburban district has been selected in every urban region identified in Belgium, namely by Sporck et al. (1985), whose aim was to present a typology of the Belgian urban regions and to define their borders. This typology was used in numerous studies and research about urban sprawl, specifically in two statistical censuses held in 1998 and 2007 (Luyten and Van Hecke, 2007; Merenne- Schoumaker et al., 1998). The “operational agglomeration” was based on the morphological agglomeration, or dense urban core. Its limits were determined by the continuity of the building stock and adapted to administrative borders. The “suburbs” were the first suburban area of a city. Areas located further from the city, while keeping strong relationships with it (through home-to-work travels), constituted the “alternating migrants area,” whereas remaining areas were regrouped under the “other areas” term and represent rural and less dense areas located far away from city centers. The main characteristics of the four neighborhoods are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Main characteristics of the four studied neighborhoods Studied areas (suburban neighborhoods) Characteristics Jambes Fontaine Rotheux Tintigny A-F. Marique and S. Reiter, A method for evaluating transport energy consumption in suburban areas, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2012, Vol 33(1):p1-6. 11
Urban area Main types of houses Distance to city center Distance to train station “operational agglomeration” Detached houses (pretty new) 6 km suburbs” “alternating migrants” “other areas” Semi-detached and terraced houses 9 km Rural core, farms, detached houses 17 km Detached houses (pretty old) 29 km 6 km 9 km 15 km 8 km Bus services Low Good Low Very low 4.2 Main results and key indicators The application of the method developed in section 3 to the four representative suburban neighborhoods presented in section 4.1 gave the following results (Table 3): Table 3 Index for home-to-work, home-to-school and home-to-shop-and-leisure travels Index Jambes Home-to-work kWh/worker.year Home-to-school kWh/student.year Home-to-shop and home-to-leisure kWh/person.year Studied areas (suburban neighborhoods) “operational agglomeration” Fontaine “suburbs” Rotheux Tintigny “alterning migrants” “other areas” 4 646 3 945 4 782 5 785 888 429 2 152 2 376 599 414 1335 2 216 The first main finding of the application of the method to the four case studies was that, in each case, home- to-work travels represent the most important part of the total energy consumption. Home-to-school travels, A-F. Marique and S. Reiter, A method for evaluating transport energy consumption in suburban areas, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2012, Vol 33(1):p1-6. 12
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Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
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Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
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Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
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Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
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Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
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Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
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Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
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EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
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Contents Contents Acknowledgements
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Urban sprawl — a European challen
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from city centres, while retaining
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growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
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esidential density, sprawl is equal
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The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41: also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43: Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45: Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49: emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 52 and 53: Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban
Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61: European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63: Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65: urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75: European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79: Appendix A.2 78
Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83: intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85: electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
Page 92 and 93: (INSEE) in France, the Office for N
Page 94 and 95: Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
Page 96 and 97: A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99: application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
Page 102 and 103: to work and the mode of transportat
Page 104 and 105: energy consumption of a neighborhoo
Page 106 and 107: transportation represents 11.8% to
Page 108 and 109: most important. Insulating only the
Page 110 and 111: savings highlighted in the first an
Page 112 and 113: measurements because of high variat
Page 114 and 115: Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
Page 118 and 119: PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
Page 126 and 127: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
Page 128 and 129: year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
Page 130 and 131: The new built density of the neighb
Page 132 and 133: Appendix A.6 132
Page 134 and 135: uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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