Session 1 - Montefiore

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Box 7 (cont.) The impacts of urban sprawl Pressures on urban areas are also great on coastal zones, particularly in the western Mediterranean. The map below shows a clear contrast between the expansion of urban areas on the coast and inland. In the case of Barcelona geographic constraints are driving sprawl to the coast, and as a consequence Natura 2000 sites on the coast are becoming more isolated. Elsewhere new urban development is encroaching on inland protected areas. In some localities urbanisation is occurring within Natura 2000 sites. Impact of transport infrastructure on protected sites: Via Baltica road development, southern part in Lithuania and North-Eastern Poland Via Baltica is one of the routes planned within the TEN networks to connect the Baltic states and Finland with the rest of the EU. The route commences in Helsinki passing through the Baltic states to Warsaw and beyond. Via Baltica crosses the most important environmental zone in Poland. Unique in Europe, it consists of four very important natural forest and marshland sites (see map sites of environmental interest at regional, national, and European level). The marshes of Biebrza are the only natural wetlands remaining in the whole of Europe, and their protection is a key environmental priority for Poland. Map Transboundary Environmental Protection Zone: Lithuanian-Polish border PLOCK KLAIPEDA KALININGRAD OLSZTYN WARSZAWA LODZ PABIANICE TOMASZOWMAZOWIECKI RADOM PIOTRKOWTRYBUNALSKI BELCHATOW LOMZA SUWALKI SIEDLCE LUBLIN KAUNAS BIALYSTOK PANEVEZYS Note: The line indicating major roads in planning is an estimate only. ALYTUS GRODNO BREST CHELM Source: EEA (based on multiple source data). VILNIUS LIDA KOVEL MOLODECHNO BARANOVICHI LUTSK PINSK Zoom into protected sites Green background (%) 0–60 60–100 Natura 2000 sites Designated sites Other protected sites Urban morphological zones UMZ > 50 000 inhabitants Major roads Major roads in planning Rivers The EU funds have now provided financial aid for the Polish government to commit to the construction of this part of the TEN networks, and despite major protests from ecological groups, as well as questions raised at the EU level, most of the plans for the Via Baltica have been accepted. The proposal is to build a dual carriageway that connects the border zone with the main cities of the region as an extension to the existing national road. The proposal routes part of the road close to the borders of the Biebrza National Park, and part of the route is directed through one of the Natura 2000 sites. To minimise environmental damage the route will be limited to a dual carriageway, instead of a motorway, and elsewhere the route will be tunneled or constructed on raised embankments. Clearly, there are many questions raised regarding the environmental impacts of this section of Via Baltica on the Transboundary Environmental Protection Zone. Urban sprawl in Europe 33
34 The impacts of urban sprawl Figure 11 Sprawl impacts on agricultural land and natural areas, selected European cities km 2 100 0 – 100 – 200 – 300 – 400 – 500 – 600 Agricultural land Natural areas Source: MOLAND (JRC). Figure 12 Trends in Polish agricultural prices 2000–2004 (Polish Zloty) Price (PLZ), country average 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Polish Central Statistical Office. 4.1.4 Urban quality of life, hazards and health As noted earlier, urban sprawl produces many adverse environmental impacts that have direct impacts on the quality of life and human health in cities, such as poor air quality and high noise levels that often exceed the agreed human safety limits. Urban sprawl in Europe Trieste Iraklion Sunderland Pordenone Tallinn Udine Bilbao Marseille Porto Palermo Grenoble Belgrade Vienna Bratislava Dresden Helsinki Munich Lyon Prague Milan Copenhagen Dublin Brussels Istanbul Figure 13 Loss of agricultural land outside urban areas % of change of total area 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 5 10 20 Soils with some limitation Distance to city border Soils with no limitation for agriculture Source: EEA (CLC 2000, UMZ 2000). In the period 1996–2002 significant proportions of the urban population were exposed to air pollutant concentrations in excess of the EU limit values (25–50 % of the urban population for different pollutants). It is estimated that approximately 20 million Europeans suffer from respiratory problems linked to air pollution. In particular,
Page 1 and 2: Session 1 - Supervisors : Pierre De
Page 3 and 4: Session 3 - Supervisors : Damien Er
Page 5 and 6: Session 5 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 11 and 12: Session 11 - Supervisors : Damien E
Page 13 and 14: Session 13 - Supervisors : Nathalie
Page 15 and 16: Session 15 - Supervisors : Sigrid R
Page 17 and 18: Appendix A : Sigrid Reiter Appendix
Page 20 and 21: EEA Report No 10/2006 Urban sprawl
Page 22 and 23: Contents Contents Acknowledgements
Page 24 and 25: Urban sprawl — a European challen
Page 26 and 27: from city centres, while retaining
Page 28 and 29: growth as mentioned in Chapter 1. R
Page 30 and 31: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 32 and 33: esidential density, sprawl is equal
Page 34 and 35: The extent of urban sprawl in Europ
Page 36 and 37: 3 The drivers of urban sprawl 3.1 C
Page 38 and 39: The drivers of urban sprawl Figure
Page 40 and 41: also clearly demonstrate city spraw
Page 42 and 43: Box 4 Portugal and Spain: threats t
Page 44 and 45: Box 5 (cont.) Map Development scena
Page 46 and 47: Box 6 (cont.) The drivers of urban
Page 48 and 49: emote locations and requiring trans
Page 50 and 51: 4.1.2 Natural and protected areas T
Page 54 and 55: the societal cost of asthma has bee
Page 56 and 57: Box 8 Effects of residential areas
Page 58 and 59: 5.2 The European spatial developmen
Page 60 and 61: European regional forces generating
Page 62 and 63: Box 9 (cont.) Responses to urban sp
Page 64 and 65: urban development plan and focused
Page 66 and 67: Box 10 (cont.) Responses to urban s
Page 68 and 69: Annex: Data and methodological appr
Page 70 and 71: C Assessing urban sprawl at the Eur
Page 72 and 73: References and further reading Ambi
Page 74 and 75: European Commission, 1990. Green Pa
Page 76 and 77: European Environment Agency Urban s
Page 78 and 79: Appendix A.2 78
Page 80 and 81: Section 2 presents a brief review o
Page 82 and 83: intervention in these specific type
Page 84 and 85: electricity as trains in Belgium ar
Page 86 and 87: The majority of those districts are
Page 88 and 89: which were calculated with the same
Page 90 and 91: The last type of sensitivity analys
Page 92 and 93: (INSEE) in France, the Office for N
Page 94 and 95: Kints C. La rénovation énergétiq
Page 96 and 97: A Method to Evaluate the Energy Con
Page 98 and 99: application in many other suburban
Page 100 and 101: Our classification of buildings cur
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to work and the mode of transportat
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energy consumption of a neighborhoo
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transportation represents 11.8% to
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most important. Insulating only the
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savings highlighted in the first an
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measurements because of high variat
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Hilderson, W., E. Mlecnik and J. Cr
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FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES Fi
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PLEA2012 - 28th Conference, Opportu
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND SOLAR AVAIL
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year are 34.9 °C and -9,1°C. The
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The new built density of the neighb
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Appendix A.6 132
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uilding” approach. A large amount
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C. Comparison of our classification
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In fact, as cavity walls became wid
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Keywor
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approaches. These methodologies hav
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travel through the urban area of Li
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METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE Figure
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as well as the ability to test fore
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Appendix A.8 151
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consumption is rarely taken into ac
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interdependences between urban stru
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These data were also used by Boussa
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and energy consumption in the resid
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Mean modal share (train) 14,0% 12,7
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Figure 4: Annual transport energy c
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23,0%, even if the annual energy co
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or commercial purposes. “Type-pro
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Beevers SD and Carslaw DC (2005) Th
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Lavadinho S and Lensel B (2010) Imp
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Appendix A.9 173
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NOTICE The submitted manuscript has
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Using ZEB design goals takes us out
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Boulder, Colorado has a solar acces
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(Mermoud 1996) to calculate the exp
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energy is used. TDVs have been deve
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Net Zero Energy Emissions Building
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combined with selecting a favorable
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Appendix A.10 189
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Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings
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PRe, SimaPro., 2000. Life Cycle Ass
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Appendix A.11 209
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396 buildings [17,26]. This review
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398 2.2. Embodied energy and carbon
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400 using photovoltaic panels will
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Appendix A.12 217
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assumptions, the indicators (Embodi
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Table 3 Distribution of the steel w
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the three case studies exhibit a st
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PLEA 2011 - 27 th Conference on Pas
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Appendix B : Pierre Dewallef Append
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When writing your presentation, you
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Status of Solar Tower Power Plant t
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Appendix B.3 237
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Status of biomass combustion power
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Appendix B.5 243
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Status of ocean thermal energy conv
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Appendix B.7 249
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Status of Natural Gas Combined Cycl
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Appendix B.9 255
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Status of Integrated coal Gazeifica
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Appendix B.11 261
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Appendix B.13 267
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Status of Carbon Capture and Storag
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Session 1 - Montefiore

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