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Zn and Ni, typically show a near-linear relationship of soluble or easily extractable concentration to total metal concentration in the soil after long term application of sewage sludge (McBride et all., 2000; Chaundri et all., 2001). These results suggest that soil metal enrichment from anthropogenic origin may render potentially toxic elements more available to organic receptors. Both water and LMWOAs pools exhibited poor correlation with pseudo-total contents of Cr and Ni. Despite variable, and locally very high, background levels of Cr and Ni in the area under study, Sammartino et al. (2004) observed a very low degree of correlation between extracted Cr and Ni by weak acids and total metal excess in topsoil samples. By comparison, pinewood soils showed higher positive relationships between pseudo-total contents and extracted metals by single extraction procedures than city park plus arable soils. In the sandy soils of the pinewood mobility of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb seems to be better controlled by the total content of such metals with more dangerous consequences from the environmental point of view. Conclusions Taking into account the fewer samples from city park and arable soils, in general the maximum potentially toxic element concentrations were associated with soil collected from the pinewood, and tended to decrease with depth. The upper layer enrichment of the pinewood soils clearly revealed an anthropogenic origin of pollution. Under the pinewood, the extraction power by the single extraction procedures showed a pattern quite similar in terms of ranking of metals extracted, except that Zn and Ni were more dissolved than Cu by the use of LMWOAs. Under the pinewood, the metal levels presented a rather similar distribution patter in terms of ranking of extractive power by the single extraction procedures, with Zn and Ni being more dissolved than Cu by the use of LMWOAs extractant. However, both readily available pools were demonstrated to be more enriched in Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb compared to city park and arable soils. City park and arable soils were highly endowed in Cu. The highest concentrations were particularly shown by the arable soil under orchard, due to frequent fungicide applications. The data in this study indicate that neither of the extractant alone was good enough to reflect some measure of the pseudo-total contents of heavy-metal in soils. However, there were high positive correlations between water extractable Cu, Zn and Cd and between LMWOAs extractable Cu and Pb and respective pseudo-total contents under the pinewood, thus suggesting that the examined single extraction procedures might give an insight on soil pseudo-total contents of sandy soils. These preliminary results suggest further work on the effects of metals in such soils by testing the proposed methodologies on datasets acquired on the vegetation cover and soil parameters. Acknowledgments. This research was partially supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2007-20077A9XJA-005), subproject “Determination of potentially toxic elements by ICP-MS in the water-soil-plant system in areas under different types of anthropogenic pressures”. 158
References ADRIANO D.C. (2001) Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals, 2 nd ed., Springer Verlag, NY. APAT-ISS (2007) Metodo per la determinazione sperimentale del coefficiente di ripartizione solido-liquido ai fini dell’utilizzo nei software per l’applicazione dell’analisi di rischio sanitarioambientale sito specifica ai siti contaminate. BRUEMMER G.W., GERTH J., TILLER K.G. (1988) Reaction kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of nickel, zinc, and cadmium by goethite. I. Adsorption and diffusion of metals. J.Soil Sci. 39:37-52. CHAUNDRI A.M., ALLAIN C.M.G., BADAWAY S.H., ADAMS M.L., MCGRATH S.P., CHAMBERS B.J. (2001) Cadmium content of wheat grain from long-term field experiment with sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1575-1580. CHEN T.B., WONG J.W.C., ZHOU H.Y., WONG M.H. (1997) assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution 96:61- 68. CHRIST M.J., DAVID M.B. (1996) Temperature and moisture effects on the production dissolved organic carbon in a Spodosol. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28:1191-1199. DAVIES B.E. (1992). Inter-relationships between soil properties and the uptake of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc from contaminated soils by radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Water, Air Soil Pollut. 63:331–342. DREVER J.I., STILLINGS L.L. (1997) The role of organic acids in mineral weathering. Colloids Surf. A 120, 167-181. EVANS A.JR. (1998) Biodegradation of 14C-labeled low molecular organic acids using three biometer methods. J. Geochem. Explor. 65:17-25. FENG M.H., SHAN W.Q., ZHANG S.Z., WEN B. (2005) Comparison of a rhizosphere-based method with other one-step methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat. Chemosphere 59:939-949. FOX T.R. (1995) The influence of low-molecular-weight organic acids on properties and processes in forest soil. In: MCFFEEW.W., KELLY J.M.(Eds), Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison. pp.43-62. HARTER R.D. (1983) Effect of soil pH on the sorption of lead, copper, zinc and nickel. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:47-51. IMPERATO M., ADAMO P., NAIMO D., ARIENZO M., STANZIONE D., VIOLANTE P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution 124:247-256. ISO (1995) Soil Quality, Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua regia. JONES D.L. (1998) Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review. Plant Soil 205:25-44. LEYVAL C., BERTHELIN J. (1991) Weathering of a mica by roots and rhizosperic microorganisms of pine. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:1009-1016. MA Z., MIYASAKA S.C. (1998) Oxalate exudation by taro in response to Al. Plant Physiol. 118:861-865. MARSCHNER H., RÖMHELD V. (1994) Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron. Plant Soil 165:261-274. McBRIDE M.B., MARTINEZ C.-E., TOPP E., EVANS L. (2000) Trace metal solubility and speciation in a calcareous soil 18 years after no-till sludge application. Soil Sci. 165:646-656. MEERS E., DU LAING G., UNAMUNO V., RUTTENS A., VANGRONSVELD J., TACK F.M.G., VERLOO M.G. (2007). Comparison of cadmium extractability from soils by commonly used single extraction protocols, Geoderma 141:247–259. 159
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ALMA MATER STUDIORUM UNIVERSITA DI
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Preface This third volume of the "Q
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Analytic index / Index analytique /
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. Marina Gatti, Anna Flora Campanal
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Sessione/Session I. Air quality Qua
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Mots-clés: Caractérisation physic
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120 100 80 60 40 20 0 . 120 100 80
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na del materiale particellare atmos
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zione degli IPA sui gas direttament
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Discussion The Lichen Biodiversity
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values, even if quite different fro
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CONTI M.E., CECCHETTI G. (2001) Bio
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26
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irrigation. Le déplacement de la z
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ecorded by the use of a GPS and the
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There were observed seasonal variat
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The concentrations of copper in the
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VAN BENNEKOM A.J., SALOMONS W. (198
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d'échanges cationiques à l'interf
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Results The oxygen and hydrogen iso
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References 42 Figure 3 Distributi
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ésultant de la contamination par l
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At selected sites, sampling was car
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Moreover, this process is clearly r
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Fondazione Banco di Sardegna. Autho
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ive ouzbèke, est encore critique.
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cooperative enterprises; Sovkhoz we
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Kazakh and Uzbek cotton fields suff
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evaluation: if finished, it could p
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period such as a reduction of cotto
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PIASTRA S. (1992) «(...) no one ha
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distribuzione fuori commercio del l
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Risultati Alla fine, fu deciso di r
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Riferimenti bibliografici ARCHAIMBA
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Mots-clés : Rana perezi; asymétri
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FA values were higher in rice field
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POPE SE, FAHRIG L, MERRIAM NG. (200
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significatives, le but étant de co
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78 Figura 3 Esempio di scala di de
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. 80 Figura-6 Tabelle statistiche
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3. F. Reno a Casalecchio Tiro a Vol
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Conclusioni In linea generale, per
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Introduzione Il territorio imolese,
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La media-bassa vallata del Santerno
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90 Figura 4 Vista dall’alto del
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coltivi, abitazioni e strade. Ridot
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mediterranee e semiaride hanno evol
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96
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BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN T
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végétale du sol et des propriét
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Figure 1 - Role of the soil in the
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for soils, it sums up at a total su
Page 107 and 108: Lupicka et al., 1997; Krzysko-Lupic
Page 109 and 110: glyphosate and metabolites in water
Page 111 and 112: KRUEGER J, PETERSON M, LUNDGREN E (
Page 113 and 114: WARNEMUENDE EA, PATTERSON JP, SMITH
Page 115 and 116: SOIL SURVEY AND CLASSIFICATION IN A
Page 117 and 118: aspects, linked with the destinatio
Page 119 and 120: The Luigi Perdisa farm, covering an
Page 121 and 122: Table 1 - (follows) Pro ile GP1 GP2
Page 123 and 124: C horizons that make up the parent
Page 125 and 126: The soils of the San Vitale Pinewoo
Page 127 and 128: ALLOWAY B.J., (1995) The origins of
Page 129 and 130: POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENTS ALONG SO
Page 131 and 132: petrolchimico, ma anche soggetta ad
Page 133 and 134: quents). The extra urban farm ITAS
Page 135 and 136: soil and the background material wa
Page 137 and 138: .Comparison between total and pseud
Page 139 and 140: . . Figure 2a - Comparison of total
Page 141 and 142: total concentrations for (Ba, Cr, C
Page 143 and 144: Sr ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR STUDYING T
Page 145 and 146: tively. A level of turf occurs at d
Page 147 and 148: Acknowledgment. Research co-finance
Page 149 and 150: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE DISTRIBU
Page 151 and 152: mente un inquinamento di origine an
Page 153 and 154: profiles vary with respect to textu
Page 155 and 156: of PIN-3, being located to the nort
Page 157: plants. Besides metal chemical spec
Page 161 and 162: SOIL QUALITY ASPECTS IN THE REMEDIA
Page 163 and 164: elevata funzionalità anche i suoli
Page 165 and 166: Questa applicazione delle tecnologi
Page 167 and 168: TREND OF METAL AND METALLOID CONCEN
Page 169 and 170: (Pleistocene), caratterizzata da se
Page 171 and 172: L4 L3 PUNTI ETTARI DENSITA oss./ha
Page 173 and 174: elevati riscontrati nello stesso pu
Page 175 and 176: .SOIL AND LAND QUALITIES INFLUENCE
Page 177 and 178: Problematiche di conservazione dei
Page 179 and 180: colte sono state determinate utiliz
Page 181 and 182: e i vari fattori in gioco nel cambi
Page 183 and 184: CONTROL AND ANALYSIS ACTIVITIES ON
Page 185 and 186: totali) e dei limiti superiori per
Page 187 and 188: Bibliografia DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 3
Page 189 and 190: SOIL MICROARTHROPOD CONTRIBUTION TO
Page 191 and 192: zione fornita dall'ambiente ipogeo
Page 193 and 194: miorecettori. Queste strutture, che
Page 195 and 196: di comunità, la struttura di comun
Page 197 and 198: - non devono migrare su lunghe dist
Page 199 and 200: TRACE ELEMENTS IN FRUIT AND VEGETAB
Page 201 and 202: with trace metal may be due to irri
Page 203 and 204: chronic hazards. In addition the da
Page 205 and 206: SOIL DEPLETION DUE TO URBANISATION
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Table 1 - Soil types present in the
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Soil delineations Surface in hectar
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Approximately 3.5% of the soil surf
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MINERAL HORIZONS, ELECTROMAGNETIC F
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slope movements, the flows of the m
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Materials and methods The research
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are under higher pressure, the valu
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