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2 nd International Non-Wood Products Symposium 8-10 September 2011 - Isparta/TURKEY Guided Transect Sampling has been used for sparse and scattered populations. It is a two stage design. Firstly, area is divided into grid-cells of a suitable size. A covariate value is determined for each cell from aerial photograph or satellite images. While the strips are very wide in the first stage, sub lines are determined across the first strip in the second stage. This sampling can be combined with different transect based on sampling methods like line transect sampling (Stahl et al., 2000). Beside these methods, Transect Sampling (TS) and Point relaskop sampling are other sampling methods for woody debris (Table 2). 2.1.3 Sampling of wildlife populations Wildlife populations provide numerous benefits as direct and indirect to humans. Hide, skin, leather and some kind of foods can be reported as their direct benefits. However, they have important ecological role such as transportation of pollens and distribution of seed. The monitoring of animal populations is necessary to conserve scarce species and to realize changing in the population over several years (Liu et. al., 2008). The inventory of a particular animal species is not easy, as they are mobile and may appear in a short time. Therefore, population size estimation procedure is complex. When practicing with some birds and small mammals in the limited area, estimation of size may be possible (Seber, 1982). But there are some sampling methods that are simple to practice such as quadrat sampling, TS and capture-recapture sampling. Table 3 illustrates some inventory samples for animal resources NWFP. Quadrat sampling is the most common sampling methods used in determining animal population size among fixed-area plot methods. The shape of quadrats can be any form. In the estimation of population size, square or rectangular shaped quadrats are usually used. Quadrat size varies from one species to another. While small sized quadrats are used for stationary and small animals, big sized quadrats are used for large and mobile animals (Shiver and Border, 1996). Strip Transect (STS) shaped long and narrow rectangular is a kind of quadrat sampling. In this sampling the most important thing is to be visible and quantitative of interested species. Especially it is very convenient sampling for ant colonies, termite mound, some animals living in soil, some insects, birds and small mammals (Burnham et al., 1980). Unlike quadrats, it is easier in terms of sampling and application of quadrats (Seber, 1986). Table 2. A sample review of studies about inventory of woody debris Sampling design Author Product Line intersect Ringvall and Stahl, 1998 Coarse woody debris Transect relascope Ringvall and Stahl, 1999 Downed Coarse woody debris Guided Transect sampling Stahl et al., 2000 Coarse woody debris Table 3. Some review studies about inventory of animal source NWFP (Adapted from Wong, 2000) Sampling design Author Product Stratified sampling FitzGibbon et al., 1995 Mammals Point and line transects White 1994 Mammals Munthali and Mughogho, 1992 Insect larvae Line-intercept Fragoso 1991 Large mammals Strip transects FitzGibbon et al., 1995 Mammals Lahm, 1993 Distance sampling Silva and Strahl, 1991 Ozdirek, 2009 Indirect / Index FitzGibbon et al.,1995 Mammals Camera-trapping/capture-recapture Karanth et.al., 2006 Tiger Line transect Cobanoglu, 2010 Gazella Game animals Birds Ovis gmelini anatolica 233
2 nd International Non-Wood Products Symposium 8-10 September 2011 - Isparta/TURKEY Line Transect Sampling (LTS) is useful for many plant and animal populations and a cheap, practical and very effective sampling method (Burnham et al., 1980). Even though it is usually used for vertebrate mammals, it is used for mammals in determining density (Karanth and Sunquist, 1992). With this method, lines L long is distributed randomly along study area. While the observer is walking along the line, he/she counts the number of species in interest that are sighted on line or of a W distance to line (Figure 2). During the sampling each organism should be counted only once. In addition distance and angle of organism according to the observer should be determined. If size of study is known and the observer wants to know abundance of some species, this sampling can be done by using two or more lines. According to philosophy of the sampling, the detection probability of target decreases when distance of target species to the line increases. Therefore, it is more realistic than quadrat and strip sampling methods. Especially, for mobilize animals such as birds, strip transect sample is not useful but line transect may be useful (Burnham et al., 1980). Distance method is very useful to sample some trees and plant populations. However, it can also be used to estimate the population density for immobilize species such as ant and termite mound as well as some mobilize animal frog, quail and grasshopper. When a population has a random distribution in a study area, distance between objects or distance between object and chosen randomly point can be used for sampling (Seber, 1982). Capture-Recapture sampling has three stages. Firstly, some animals (M) are captured among the populations and these animals are marked by using a tag. Then, captured animals are released into population. Next, again some animals are recaptured (n) and counted the number of animals marked in initial capture (m). Lastly, the number of the animal population (N) can be estimated with this Peterson estimator N=M*n/m. But, this estimator has some assumptions such as to be closed geographically and demographically of the population of an interested animal. Geographical closure means geographical limit of a population size. For example, to sample a kind of deer, it must be studied in a certain boundary. Besides, demographical closure means there is no birth, death or migration throughout sampling of the species (Seber, 1986). 2.1.4 Sampling of rare populations Inventory of rare species is very hard because of both determination of areas and estimation of cost (Sudman, et al., 1988). Main problem with rare population is the need of some contacts with rural people who know where they are (Kalton and Anderson, 1986). In the same study, six sampling methods for rare people are discussed. They are screening, disproportionate, multiple frames, snowball, multiplicity sampling and sequential sampling. Nowadays, the most widely common sampling method for sparse species is Adaptive Cluster Sampling. Adaptive Cluster Sampling is a highly effective way to sample clustered and rare species (Thompson and Seber, 1996). Because random or systematic sampling has some risks, Thomson presented this method for effective inventory of rare species. In adaptive cluster sampling an initial sample of unit is selected by random sampling and it is called as “initial sampling”. When the variable of interest for a unit in the sample meets the criteria, neighbors units are added to the sample. This procedure goes on until there is no more unit satisfying the criteria (Thompson, 1990). There are many kinds of adaptive cluster sampling design such as systematic, stratified and strip adaptive cluster sampling. target W Q observer L X X: distance between line and point for a species sighted. W: distance from point observer stand to point interested species. Q: angle between line target species sighted and line observer stand. Figure 2. The illustration of line transects lay out on study area 234
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