Difaaca Xuquuqda Aadanaha - East and Horn of Africa Human ...
Difaaca Xuquuqda Aadanaha - East and Horn of Africa Human ...
Difaaca Xuquuqda Aadanaha - East and Horn of Africa Human ...
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Q<strong>of</strong>na kuma dhalan inuu noqdo difaace xuquuqda<br />
aadanaha. <strong>Difaaca</strong>yaashu waa dad caadi ah oo<br />
u bareera khatar, marka ay shaqadooda ku gudo<br />
jiraan ama marka ay qabanayaan howlahooda kale<br />
ee ka baxsan shaqadooda, ayagoo marka si guud<br />
loo fiirayo khatartaas qaada inta ay ku guda jiraan<br />
noloshooda caadiga ah, waxeyna la wadaagaan<br />
qoysaskooda iyo saaxibadood. Arrimahaas<br />
dhammaantood ayaa saameyn cad ku leh sida<br />
ay difaacayaashu u fahamaan khatarta, iyo sida<br />
ay ka yeelaan xeeladahooda amni. Mar kasta oo<br />
difaacahu la kulmo hanjabaadyada ugu horreeya,<br />
haddana markuu shaqadiisa sii wataba uu la sii<br />
kulmayo hanjabaadyadaas, waxay noqon kartaa<br />
billowga xaalad aad u kurbo badan oo uu la kulmayo<br />
difaacahu. Kurbada iyo siduu difaacahu ula tacaalo<br />
labadaba ayaa la tixgalinayaa markaan abbaareyno<br />
baahidooda amni.<br />
Marka ay difaacayaashu khatar wajahayaan, waxay<br />
sameeyaan waxa ay dadka kaleba sameeyaan:<br />
Waxay qaataan dabeecad la qabsi ayagoo isku<br />
daya in ey fududeeyaan habka go’aan-gaarista, oo<br />
waafaqsan xeerarka lagu abaabiyo bulshada iyo<br />
kooxaha.<br />
Cilmi-baaris cilmi-nafsiyeed oo ku saabsan sida ey<br />
dadku u wajahaan khatarta ayaa muujisay in ey<br />
fududahay u bareeridda khatarta marka uu q<strong>of</strong>ku<br />
iskiis u qaato, marka uu q<strong>of</strong>ku u garto inuu illaa<br />
iyo xad uu khatarta xakameyn karo, iyo marka<br />
khatartaan ay noqoto mid la yaqaan 10 . Marka laga<br />
eego dhinaca cilmiga bulshada, khatarata ayaa<br />
ah wax ey bulshadu dhistay, oo la xiriira arrimo<br />
dhaqan-bulsho ee ku xiran dhismayaal bulsho 11 .<br />
Sidaas awgeed, qeyb kasta oo bulshada ka mid ahi<br />
waxay buunbuunisaa khataraha qaarkood ayagoo<br />
iska illooba qaar kale. Sidaas oo kale, ayaa cilmiga<br />
barashada dhaqanka aadanahu waxuu muujiyay 12<br />
in q<strong>of</strong> kasta uu illaa iyo xad u janjeero u bareeridda<br />
khatarta, ayadoo u janjeeriddaan ay ku xirantahay<br />
abaalmarinta la socota khatarta iyo fahamka<br />
q<strong>of</strong>ka ee la xiriira khatarta. Waxaa aad muhim u<br />
ah in la aqoonsado in ka leexashada khatarta ee<br />
aadanahu eysan ka jawaabeyn oo kaliya fahamka<br />
suurtogalnimada in ey waxyeello dhaliso, balse sidoo<br />
kale rabitaanka u bareerka khatarta, abaalmarinta<br />
laga helay u bareerkaan, ama u sinnaanta qeybsiga<br />
khatarta.<br />
In maalin kasta loo bareero khatar ayaa abuuri<br />
karta muqaal “dabeecad aan waxba la-kala jecleyn”,<br />
oo ku xiran inkiraadda khatarta, taasoo q<strong>of</strong>ka u<br />
10 Crouch <strong>and</strong> Wilson (1982; bogagga: 85-6), ay soo xigteen<br />
López <strong>and</strong> Luján (2000; bogga: 71)<br />
11 López <strong>and</strong> Luján (2000; bogga:72)<br />
12 Adams (1995:15)<br />
horseedi karta inuu qabto shaqada caadiga ah aydoo<br />
aysan jirin tallaabooyin amni iyo xataa in la diido in<br />
mowduucaba la soo hadal qaado 13 .<br />
Ayadoo la tixgalinayo xaqiiqooyinkaan, ayaa marka<br />
lala soo qaadayo difaacayaasha arrimaha amniga ey<br />
aad muhim u tahay in la tixgaliyo sida difaacahu u<br />
arko khatarta (oo ku xiran arrimo bulsho iyo koox,<br />
iyo dabeecadda q<strong>of</strong>ka) iyo sidoo kale in la tixgaliyo<br />
fikradaha ay ka midka yihiin ballanqaadka q<strong>of</strong>ka<br />
iyo kooxda, caddaaladda bulshada, awoodda loo<br />
leeyahay in wax laga baara<strong>and</strong>ago, wada shaqeynta<br />
kooxda, iwm.<br />
Saameynta dhacdooyinka uur-ku-taallada<br />
leh<br />
<strong>Difaaca</strong>yaasha xuquuqda aadanaha ayaa arka<br />
dhacdooyin uur-ku-taallo leh (traumatic events)<br />
amaba noqda dhibbanayaasha dhacdooyinkaas:<br />
Saameyntooda ayaa waxyeello u geysta caafimaadka<br />
maskaxdooda iyo debeecadda kooxda iyo q<strong>of</strong>ka<br />
difaacaha ah. Taasi waxay guud ahaanba dhalisaa<br />
in culeyska shaqadu badato waayo waxaa kordha<br />
dalabaadka qiirada leh ee ku xiran dhacdooyinka<br />
uur-ku-taallada leh (xanaaq, niyad-jab, quusasho,<br />
iwm). Mararka qaar ayaa difaacayaashu dareemaan<br />
inay si xad-dhaaf ah u yihiin dambiilayaal<br />
(maadaama aysan awood u yeelan inay kahortagaan<br />
dhacdada uur-ku-taallada leh) ayadoo<br />
markaas kaddibna ay dhici karto inay yeeshaan<br />
dabeecad khatarteedu sarreyso, 14 taasoo aysan wax<br />
ka qaban karin xeeladaha amnigu oo aan tixgalin siin<br />
qeybta macnawiga ah ee la socda debeecadahaas.<br />
Falaanqeynta duruufaha shaqada<br />
Waxaa si aad ah muhim u ah in la ogaado lana<br />
falaanqeeyo duruufaha shaqada si loo qeexo<br />
kuwa ay yihiin xeeladaha amni ee saxda ah iyo<br />
dokumentiyada tilmaamaya oo ay tahay in la fuliyo.<br />
Sidoo kale, waxaa muhim ah in la sii saadaaliyo<br />
duruufaha mustaqbalka jiri kara, si looga hortago falcelis<br />
ka yimaada dadka hubeysan oo khatar galinaya<br />
difaacayaasha.<br />
Tan ayaa noo geyneysa qodobka labaad: sideedaba<br />
naguma fila inaan falaanqeyno duruufaha, madaama<br />
ay jirto baahi loo qabo in saadaasha la falaanqeeyo,<br />
ayadoo la eegayo meelaha u baahan in wax laga<br />
qabto iyo aydoo la darsayo fal-celisyada ay samayn<br />
karaan dadka duruufahaan lugta ku leh inta aysan<br />
wax dhicin ka hor (“sidee kuwa kale noo arkaan”) iyo<br />
intaan wax laga qaban.<br />
13 Beristain (1999; bogagga: 48-9)<br />
14 Beristain (1999)<br />
16<br />
<strong>Difaaca</strong> <strong>Xuquuqda</strong> <strong>Aadanaha</strong>: Buug Xambaarsan Macluumaad loogu Talogalay <strong>Difaaca</strong>yaasha <strong>Xuquuqda</strong> <strong>Aadanaha</strong> | Caddadka 2aad
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