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One day his grandmother and he were outside sunning the quilts and shoes. Drunken Japanese soldiers grabbed his grandmother and said, “Where are the fl ower girls?” His grandmother fainted. The Japanese tried to stab her. However, she turned her shoulder and they only cut through her clothing. He was hiding behind the sofa, so he carried her to a neighbor’s house so they could take care of her. When he went back to the house, he heard sounds in the back room. Grandfather was sleeping on the bed. The Japanese cut him three times with bayonets and knives. Wu went to their business to collect the family. They couldn’t stop the bleeding. Therefore, the grandfather died. All this happened at the time of Western New Year in 1938. 103
Unit 4—Handout 17 Survivor Testimony of Zhang Zhouhong, Survivor of the Nanking Massacre, 83 years old—Interviewed on July 10, 2008, Nanjing Mrs. Zhang’s family members were farmers. She was the elder daughter with a younger brother and sister. When she was eleven-years old, the Japanese soldiers came to her home and grabbed her father, saying he was KMT (Nationalist soldier-Kuomintang). The soldiers began to slap him. The kids were grabbing his legs and telling the soldiers that their father was a farmer. The Japanese looked at her father and saw that he had calloused hands and the mark of a band on his forehead. Mrs. Zhang took a hoe and showed the soldiers how he got the calluses and showed them his rain hat, explaining how he got the mark on his forehead. They were not convinced; they thought he was a soldier. The soldiers kicked and shoved her out of the way. The soldiers said that her father was not very honest and after slapping him some more, they left. After these soldiers left, fi fteen to twenty more came into the yard and burnt down their neighbor’s house. The Zhang family moved all their possessions out to a fi eld and slept in the fi eld all night. Soon the Japanese came and burned their house and other villagers’ homes. The soldiers lined up the ugly women in a row and machine-gunned them. The Japanese said, “If you follow directions, you will not be hurt; however, if you don’t, we will cut off your legs.” She said although she was only eleven-years old she saw clearly the situation. Mothers were trying to hide their daughters in haystacks. Japanese used their bayonets to see if anyone was hiding in the haystacks. Zhang had her fi nger cut but she didn’t cry out. Some women cried and then the soldiers would burn the haystack and sometimes push people outside into the burning haystack. After the ugly girls were machine gunned, they took the pretty girls away. She and some other girls knew that the Japanese didn’t go near the water, so some of them hid in a lake. When the Japanese saw what they were doing, they machine gunned the girls in the lake. However, Zhang held on to reeds at the bottom and survived. She said that she cannot understand this cruelty. She hates the Japanese. She also saw them take babies from their grandparents and put them on the end of their bayonets. She saw thirty or forty little babies killed this way. At fi rst the soldiers went for the older girls, but there were not enough so they started taking younger ones—eight-years-old and up. One day she was with her grandfather. The soldiers came and put a bayonet to his chest. Her grandfather told her to leave, but she refused to leave him. She said, “I will stay with you.” The soldiers tore off her pants, spread her legs, and raped her brutally. She blacked out and when she was unconscious, the soldiers left. When grandfather came in and saw her thighs dislocated, he used a board, tying her legs together. He was not sure if she were alive or dead. While he was wrapping her legs, she came to consciousness. She thought that she would never recover. However, about a week after the raping, her bones came back together. They were afraid the soldiers would come again, so they cut off her hair and shaved her head, so she looked like a boy. She could have died three times but, instead, was able to survive three times. She considers herself quite lucky. The Japanese did not want to admit that they killed all those people, including babies. The Japanese said that the Koreans did this (Koreans soldiers were drafted by the Japanese—Korea had been annexed by Japan in 1910.) One case was of a girl who to escape rape jumped into the latrine. A drunken Japanese soldier fell in, got stuck, and died. The girl escaped. The Japanese came and punished the whole village, killing them at random. The family’s farm was on the outskirts of the city of Nanking. In order to sell their produce, farmers had to take it into the city. The Japanese would not allow them in, so they lost their source of income. During the Chinese New Year the next year, the Japanese wanted to sell chicks and ducks. She was asked to carry them into the next town on a pole. If she didn’t walk fast enough, they poked her back with their bayonets. After a time she threw the pole off and said that she would not carry it anymore. So they beat 104
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 2—Handout 1 31
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Unit 2—Handout 6―1 LABELING POT
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Unit 2—Handout 6―3 Alternative
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Unit 2—Handout 8 VIOLENCE HATE PR
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DVDs American Justice. “War Crime
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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Japanese, Chinese, perhaps victims
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DVDs History—Unit 731: Nightmare
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ESSENTIALS QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 7—Handout 1 Survivor Testimo
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Unit 7—Handout 5 Questions for Di
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Sides, Hampton. Ghost Soldiers: The
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 8—Handout 1 Defi nitions Def
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Unit 8—Handout 3 Universe of Obli
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This demilitarized zone for Chinese
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Unit 8—Handout 6 Members of the I
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Selected Rescuer Profi les A Letter
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George Ashmore Fitch (1883-1979) Ge
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Unit 8—Handout 7 Chinese Rescue W
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Jing Zhe-qiao, Xu Kai-ji (Director,
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Dr. Chang (Doctor, Nanjing Drum Tow
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I’ll close today’s entry with t
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Unit 8—Handout 9-1 John Rabe (188
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anyone who tried to defend themselv
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Unit 8—Handout 9-2 Tsen Shuifang
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gate while the refugees poured in.
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Unit 8—Handout 9-4 Honda Introduc
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Unit 8—Handout 10 Exercise and Qu
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Unit Nine The Tokyo War Crimes Tria
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Unit 9—Handout 2 Making a Differe
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dedicated to religion, art, science
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Non-Applicability of Statutory Limi
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Prosecution Team: This group needs
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Unit 9—Handout 6 International Ag
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A No War Resolution that expressed
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Unit Ten Japanese Denial and Intern
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Denial of the Nanking Massacre •
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Unit 10—Handout 2-1 Activism Acti
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Unit 10—Handout 5-1 Japanese Deni
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March. It is amazing to me that the
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Russo-Japanese War, such as the pro
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Why is Redress Important? • Becau
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For the Chinese witnesses at the tr
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Unit 10—Handout 8 Questions for R
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Japan’s “masochistic education
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Yoshida: I didn’t mention this in
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Unit 10—Suggested Bibliography Bu
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1945 The fi rst atomic bomb is drop
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January, 1938 The world learns of t
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Reading Standards 9-12 1. Cite stro
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