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Unit Six Biological and Chemical Weapons and Medical Experiments Unit 731, one of the covert biological and chemical warfare research and development units, a sixsquare-kilometer base with 150 buildings. Unit 731 was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China). A train brought in prisoners in sealed cars. Pingfang is presently a museum, dedicated in 2008.
The Nanking Massacre and Other Japanese Military Atrocities, 1931-1945 INTRODUCTION to UNIT 6 Biological and Chemical Weapons and Medical Experiments One aspect of World War II in the Asia-Pacifi c Theater not generally known was the extensive use of biochemical weapons (CBW) by the Japanese Imperial army in China during the war. The world has come to know the horrors of chemical warfare with the Iraqi killing of the Kurds with chemical weapons in 1989. A study of Japan’s extensive use of biological and chemical weapons in China in the 1930’s and 40’s may serve as a useful example of what could happen if CBW were to be used on military and civilian targets today. This unit is a basic introduction for the students to the subject of biochemical weapons and their lethal implications. What are they? How are the CBW different from other weapons of war? Why were they used and then banned? More specifi cally, students will be introduced to an actual historical instance of how, where and why CBW were used on an innocent civilian population and what the consequences were. This historical instance of the use and development of CBW by the Japanese took place in China from 1932-1945. When developing these biological and chemical weapons, two types of research were done by the Japanese: 1) assault research (human experimentation and germ warfare), which was done abroad, for example in China; and 2) defense research (vaccines), research mainly conducted in Japan. The research and experimentation with these weapons began in Northeast China (Manchuria) in a small village called Pingfang outside the metropolitan city of Harbin. Previous to Pingfang, there was another shortlived experimental station at Beiyinhe. The military agency that conducted the experiments was called Unit 731. The single most important person responsible for the operation of the program was General Ishii Shiro. In 1932, Shiro Ishii, a physician and army general, began medical experiments fi rst at Beinyinhe and then in 1935 at Unit 731(Pingfang). Unit 731 was designated the Water Purifi cation Bureau. While Dr. Mengele at Auschwitz called his gruesome experiments Artzvorstellern or “medical checkups,” Dr. Ishii dehumanized his victims, designating them as muralas or “logs,” a sick joke that originated when the Japanese told the local Manchurians that Unit 731 facility was being built as “a lumber mill.” To disguise that they were experimenting on humans, the scientists and medical personnel referred in their reports to subjects as “Manchurian monkeys.” Chinese civilians and others—common criminals, Partisans, Korean Communists partisans, intellectuals and dissidents, relatives of dissidents, ordinary citizens from nearby villages, children, Chinese and U.S. soldiers, and U.S. POWs as well as Soviet and European POWs—were infected with plague, anthrax, cholera, and other pathogens. They were subjected to experiments to study the effects of frostbite, dehydration, and malnutrition as well as experimental surgeries in transplantation of limbs from one individual to another. Neither women nor children were spared. Women were subjected to similar medical experiments as men. Moreover, they were subjected to rape and abuse. Barenblatt reports that the worst was their forced participation in studies of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs). At fi rst syphilis was injected. Then the Japanese decided they could study the effects better if the syphilis was contracted through sexual contact: they forced women to have sex with men who were infected. The progress of the disease was closely observed, and women were subjected to live dissection of their internal organs to investigate the different stages of the syphilis (53-56). Experiments were conducted on babies born in Unit 731 as well as on children brought to the unit. Babies were subjected to experimentation and dissection. Children of six, seven, and eight years old were used in germ and chemical tests. These so-called “logs” were not meant to survive. Once a prisoner was sent to a biological warfare (BW) facility, the system mandated that the person would not live. Most lasted only 30 days. They were infected, dissected without anesthesia, usually a vivisection, dispatched by lethal injection, and then cremated in an on-site crematorium. 130
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Unit 2—Handout 8 VIOLENCE HATE PR
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DVDs American Justice. “War Crime
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 3—Handout 1 Nationalism, Mil
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Japanese Military and International
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WWII in the Pacifi c (1941-1945) In
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Unit 3—Handout 2-3 Modern Chinese
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Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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Selected Rescuer Profi les A Letter
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George Ashmore Fitch (1883-1979) Ge
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Jing Zhe-qiao, Xu Kai-ji (Director,
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Dr. Chang (Doctor, Nanjing Drum Tow
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I’ll close today’s entry with t
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Unit 8—Handout 9-1 John Rabe (188
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anyone who tried to defend themselv
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Unit 8—Handout 9-2 Tsen Shuifang
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gate while the refugees poured in.
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Unit Nine The Tokyo War Crimes Tria
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dedicated to religion, art, science
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Non-Applicability of Statutory Limi
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Prosecution Team: This group needs
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Unit 9—Handout 6 International Ag
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A No War Resolution that expressed
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Unit Ten Japanese Denial and Intern
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Denial of the Nanking Massacre •
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March. It is amazing to me that the
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Russo-Japanese War, such as the pro
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Why is Redress Important? • Becau
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For the Chinese witnesses at the tr
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Japan’s “masochistic education
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Yoshida: I didn’t mention this in
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1945 The fi rst atomic bomb is drop
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January, 1938 The world learns of t
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Reading Standards 9-12 1. Cite stro
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