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For the Chinese witnesses at the trial, the motivation is more personal. “Neither the Japanese government nor the Japanese people had the right to violate our lives,” said Zhou Hong Gen, 71, a retired municipal worker who said he lost 15 family members to the plague. “The Japanese government committed a crime against us,” he told the court last week. “Shouldn’t they be responsible for this? This is why I came from China to Japan.” The suit is part of a worldwide trend to seek legal redress of history. Claims from prisoners and victims of Japan’s wartime activities have been fi led around the world, but in Japanese courts, they have consistently been dismissed. Government lawyers have offered no rebuttal to the testimony presented in court, claiming that there is no legal jurisdiction for the case. But the plaintiffs are heartened that the Tokyo District Court has not thrown out the case. “Through this trial, this is the fi rst time the whole grand picture of damage caused by Unit 731 has been revealed,” said Makato Ueda, a professor at Rikkyo University in Tokyo. The government was forced to acknowledge the existence of the unit a decade ago, but has refused to acknowledge the unit’s actions. “We do not have enough evidence or documents to say what experiments took place,” said Kenko Sone, an offi cial in the China bureau of Japan’s Foreign Affairs Ministry. “We have not been able to confi rm clearly what happened with Unit 731.” That explanation contradicts painstaking evidence compiled by historians and journalists, and the vivid testimony in this court case. Yoshio Shinozuka, 76, who was drafted at age 15 to perform chores in Unit 731, testifi ed in November that he had helped prepare biological weapons and had witnessed experimentation on human prisoners. Mr. Shinozuka said he helped cultivate fl eas on rats - and then bottled the fl eas using a contraption made from a bathtub in a third fl oor room. The fl eas were then infected with the plague, mixed with wheat to draw rats that would be carriers, and dropped by airplane on several civilian areas in China. Mr. Shinozuka said he also helped doctors who injected bubonic plague into prisoners and then cut them open to see the effect of the disease. Few members of the unit have faced consequences for their actions. Some offi cers became pillars in the Japanese medical establishment after the war. Lower-ranking unit members lived out quiet lives, chastened by the vows they took upon entering the unit never to discuss its activities, on pain of death. Source: International Herald Tribune Posted on 2001-03-11 Verdict in another lawsuit by Wang Xuan and 180 Chinese plaintiffs: One of the plaintiffs, Wang Xuan, lost nine relatives in a 1942 plague outbreak after the notorious Unit 731 of the Japanese Imperial Army, based in the northeastern Chinese city of Harbin, scattered lethal microbes over her village in east China’s Zhejiang Province. August 30, 2002 Tokyo District Court Judges agreed that the accusations were accurate but ruled that Japan would neither formally apologize nor pay any compensation. They based their ruling on an agreement made in 1972 between China and Japan when diplomatic relations were normalized. This 1972 agreement stated that China would give up claims for compensation involving wartime related damages. Appeal fi led May 20, 2003. A Japanese high court on Tuesday rejected compensation appeals by 180 Chinese victims of Japan’s World War II biological warfare program (China Daily, July 20, 2005). 249
Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal 2000 The Emperor Hirohito was posthumously brought to justice when the presiding judge proclaimed him guilty of the responsibility for the Japanese military’s sex enslavement of women during WWII. House Resolution 121, July 30, 2007 United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121 (H.Res. 121) is a resolution about “comfort women” which Mike Honda, a California congressman of Japanese ancestry, introduced to the American House of Representatives in 2007. It asks that the Japanese government apologize to “comfort women” and include curriculum about them in schools. This resolution was passed on July 30, 2007. 250
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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Unit 2—Handout 1 31
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Unit 2—Handout 6―3 Alternative
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Unit 2—Handout 8 VIOLENCE HATE PR
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DVDs American Justice. “War Crime
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 3—Handout 1 Nationalism, Mil
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Japanese Military and International
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WWII in the Pacifi c (1941-1945) In
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Unit 3—Handout 7 brookdalecc Stud
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Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Shaded area is the Nanking Internat
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will be lost or wrecked or utterly
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of these not realizing the Japanese
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Unit 4—Handout 12 The Ambassador
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Unit 4—Handout 13 Survivor Testim
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screamed, “Now that you are gone,
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Unit 4—Handout 18 Questions for D
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Unit 4—Handout 20 “Killing Cont
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Unit 4—Suggested Bibliography Aud
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Unit Five Military Sex Slaves Recru
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Although military prostitution has
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Unit 5—Handout 2 Survivor Testimo
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Unit 5—Handout 4 Discussion Quest
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Unit 5—Handout 6 Japanese Governm
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Unit Six Biological and Chemical We
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These CBW camps and research labora
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Unit 6—Handout 1 Research Project
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Survivor of Bubonic Plague, Jiang L
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Students were compelled to bow towa
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Questions for Discussion 1. What is
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"Regarding the issue of biological
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Japanese, Chinese, perhaps victims
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DVDs History—Unit 731: Nightmare
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ESSENTIALS QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Sides, Hampton. Ghost Soldiers: The
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Unit 8—Handout 1 Defi nitions Def
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Unit 8—Handout 3 Universe of Obli
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This demilitarized zone for Chinese
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Unit 8—Handout 6 Members of the I
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Selected Rescuer Profi les A Letter
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George Ashmore Fitch (1883-1979) Ge
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Unit 8—Handout 7 Chinese Rescue W
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Jing Zhe-qiao, Xu Kai-ji (Director,
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Dr. Chang (Doctor, Nanjing Drum Tow
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I’ll close today’s entry with t
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Unit 8—Handout 9-1 John Rabe (188
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