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Unit 6—Handout 1 Research Project Students should choose one of the following to research. They should prepare a word-processed document, citing their sources, and also present their research to the class. Their research should highlight the term’s relevance to biological and chemical warfare in China 1931-1945. 1. Unit 731 2. General Shiro Ishii 3. Kempeitai 4. Zhongma Fortress 5. Vivisection 6. Bubonic plague 7. Cholera 8. anthrax 9. Wakamatsu Unit (Unit 100) 10. Nami Unit (Unit 8604) 11. Major General Kitagawa Masataka, Unit 9420 12. Ōkunoshima 13. Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 14. Lev Smirnov 15. Hinomaru 16. “Kimigayo” 17. Yasukuni Shrine 18. choiceless choices 19. universe of obligation 20. upstanders (word coined by Samantha Power) vs bystander 135
Unit 6—Handout 2 Timeline - Biological and Chemical Warfare in the 20th century While limited use of chemicals and disease in warfare dates from ancient times, the origins of modern chemical and biological weapons systems date from the era of the two world wars. The term chemical warfare came into use with the gas warfare of World War I, and modern biological warfare dates from the weapons systems fi rst introduced in the 1930s. 1914-1918 WWI Following the fi rst successful German gas attack with chlorine in the WWI battle at Ypres in 1915, the British, French, and, in 1918, the U.S. army responded with gases including phosgene, mustard gas, hydrogen cyanide, and cyanogen chloride. Initially spread from portable cylinders by the opening of a valve, delivery systems were extended to mortars and guns. In 1918, the U.S. War Department established the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) as part of the wartime, but not the regular, army. 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical weapons. Signed but not ratifi ed by the U.S. or Japan. 1930s and 1940s Japan experiments with biological agents and uses biological weapons in China and Manchuria. 1942 On Gruinard Island, off the coast of Scotland, the British conduct anthrax tests on sheep. Today, the uninhabited island is believed still to be infected with anthrax spores. Nov. 25, 1969 At Fort Detrick, Maryland, President Richard Nixon announces a new national policy on bio-warfare: “The U.S. shall renounce the use of lethal biological agents and weapons, and all other methods of biological research.” Nixon pledges the nation will never use biological weapons under any circumstances. The entire U.S. arsenal is destroyed by 1973, except for seed stocks held for research purposes. 1972 The Biological Weapons Convention is established. The treaty prohibits the research, development, and production of offensive biological weapons. The treaty does allow defensive work in the area of biological weapons. The Soviet Union and the United States both ratify the pact. 1979 An unusual anthrax outbreak in the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk kills at least 64 people. The Soviet government blames the outbreak on contaminated meat, but there is suspicion within the international scientifi c and intelligence communities that the Sverdlovsk outbreak was caused by an accidental release of anthrax spores from a nearby suspected biological weapons facility. All evidence available to the U.S. government indicates a massive release of aerosolized B. anthrax spores. In 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin acknowledges that the incident was indeed related to the microbiology facility. 1992 The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) reinforces aspects of the Geneva Conventions that also dealt with these agents and was negotiated over a period of 24 years. In 1992, after a decade of long and painstaking negotiations, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva agreed to the text of the CWC, which was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1992, in its resolution entitled Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (A/RES/47/39). More than 170 countries have signed the CWC, and 139 have ratifi ed it. The treaty entered into force on April 29, 1997, 180 days after Hungary, the 65th country, ratifi ed. Countries that ratify must destroy all chemical weapons over a ten year period with the treaty providing a “leveling out principle” that ensures possessors destroy their stockpiles at roughly the same time. China ratifi ed the CWC on 25 April 1997; China has declared possession of former chemicals weapons production facilities; initial inspections have been conducted. Source: http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128610&page=1 136
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 2—Handout 1 31
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Unit 2—Handout 6―1 LABELING POT
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Unit 2—Handout 6―3 Alternative
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Unit 2—Handout 8 VIOLENCE HATE PR
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DVDs American Justice. “War Crime
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 3—Handout 1 Nationalism, Mil
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Unit 3—Handout 2-1 Japanese Moder
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Japanese Military and International
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WWII in the Pacifi c (1941-1945) In
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Unit 3—Handout 2-3 Modern Chinese
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Unit 3—Handout 2-1 Examine the th
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Unit 3 Handout 3-3—#1 Examine car
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Unit 3—Handout 5 Bushidō 68 hubp
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Unit 3—Handout 7 brookdalecc Stud
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Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Unit 4—Handout 2 Historical Backg
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Unit 4—Handout 4 82 google images
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Page 101 and 102: Unit 4—Handout 12 The Ambassador
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Page 113 and 114: Unit 4—Handout 18 Questions for D
Page 115 and 116: Unit 4—Handout 20 “Killing Cont
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Page 120 and 121: Unit Five Military Sex Slaves Recru
Page 122 and 123: Although military prostitution has
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Page 126 and 127: SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
Page 128 and 129: Unit 5—Handout 2 Survivor Testimo
Page 132 and 133: Unit 5—Handout 4 Discussion Quest
Page 134 and 135: Unit 5—Handout 6 Japanese Governm
Page 136 and 137: Unit Six Biological and Chemical We
Page 138 and 139: These CBW camps and research labora
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Page 144 and 145: Unit 6—Handout 2-1 Germ Warfare T
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Page 152 and 153: Unit 6—Handout 7 Questions for Di
Page 154 and 155: Students were compelled to bow towa
Page 156 and 157: Questions for Discussion 1. What is
Page 158 and 159: "Regarding the issue of biological
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Page 162: DVDs History—Unit 731: Nightmare
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Page 175 and 176: Unit 7—Handout 5 Questions for Di
Page 177 and 178: Sides, Hampton. Ghost Soldiers: The
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Page 183 and 184: Unit 8—Handout 1 Defi nitions Def
Page 185 and 186: Unit 8—Handout 3 Universe of Obli
Page 187 and 188: This demilitarized zone for Chinese
Page 189 and 190: Unit 8—Handout 6 Members of the I
Page 191 and 192: Selected Rescuer Profi les A Letter
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George Ashmore Fitch (1883-1979) Ge
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Unit 8—Handout 7 Chinese Rescue W
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Jing Zhe-qiao, Xu Kai-ji (Director,
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Dr. Chang (Doctor, Nanjing Drum Tow
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I’ll close today’s entry with t
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Unit 8—Handout 9-1 John Rabe (188
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anyone who tried to defend themselv
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Unit 8—Handout 9-2 Tsen Shuifang
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gate while the refugees poured in.
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Unit 8—Handout 9-4 Honda Introduc
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Unit 8—Handout 10 Exercise and Qu
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Unit Nine The Tokyo War Crimes Tria
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Unit 9—Handout 2 Making a Differe
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dedicated to religion, art, science
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Non-Applicability of Statutory Limi
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Prosecution Team: This group needs
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Unit 9—Handout 6 International Ag
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A No War Resolution that expressed
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Unit Ten Japanese Denial and Intern
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Denial of the Nanking Massacre •
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Unit 10—Handout 2-1 Activism Acti
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Unit 10—Handout 3 Redress and Pea
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Unit 10—Handout 5-1 Japanese Deni
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March. It is amazing to me that the
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Russo-Japanese War, such as the pro
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Endnotes to portion of article incl
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Why is Redress Important? • Becau
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For the Chinese witnesses at the tr
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Unit 10—Handout 8 Questions for R
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Japan’s “masochistic education
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Yoshida: I didn’t mention this in
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Unit 10—Suggested Bibliography Bu
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1945 The fi rst atomic bomb is drop
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January, 1938 The world learns of t
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Reading Standards 9-12 1. Cite stro
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