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Denial of the Nanking Massacre • Denial is often described as “Historical Revisionism” and deniers are often referred to as “Historical Revisionists” —Attempt to legitimate denial with reference to academia —Historians engaged in legitimate historical revisionism are simply called historians Motivations include the following: —Political – the prestige of a nation —Psychological – avoidance of guilt or culpability —Legal – avoidance of prosecution —Ideological – denial based on a belief • Japanese Government offi cially denies the Nanking Massacre and the existence of Japanese Military Sexual Slavery during WWII • Many other countries offi cially deny historical events, often for nationalist or political reasons: for example, Turkey offi cially denies the Armenian Genocide, and Iran offi cially denies the Holocaust • Forms of denial of the Nanking Massacre: —Complete denial, claiming that civilian deaths are a part of war —Disputes over numbers killed, arguing that the number of people killed does not amount to a massacre —Distortion and Re-Writing of history; instead of writing “Japan invaded China,” writing “Japan entered China.” —Justifying Japan’s military imperialism as protecting Asia from racist and imperialist Western practice —Minimizing what occurred: Calling the Nanking Massacre the “Nanking Incident” Eurocentric trends in history and WWII as a global war • The events of WWII in Europe are well-known and commonly taught in history classes – why are the events of WWII in Asia less well know and taught less frequently? —The Rape of Nanking was front page news in 1937, Western journalists published reports about the massacre. However, until Iris Chang published the Rape of Nanking in 1997, few people cared to remember WWII atrocities in Asia. —Importance of examining WWII as a global confl ict —WWII start date is commonly assigned to 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, but fi ghting in Asia started as early as 1931. • Much of Asia and Africa was divided into colonies or spheres of infl uence by Western Powers. When the ruling power went to war, the colonies had to assist. • Global Alliances —Axis Alliance: Germany, Italy and Japan —Allies: The British Empire and Commonwealth countries, France and French colonies, <strong>Canada</strong>, Poland, Australia, etc. Eventually included: Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Luxemburg, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., among others • The U.S.A. was offi cially neutral in WWII, until Japan raided Pearl Harbor — Hitler declared war on the U.S.A. and the U.S.A. offi cially entered the war in Europe on December 11, 1941. — The Allies decided on the “Europe First” strategy – to win the war in Europe before focusing on war efforts in Asia. — It was the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor that ultimately brought the U.S.A. into 233
the war in Europe. Importance of historical records, sources, evidence and their uses • What constitutes historical sources? What makes a source reliable? Why is it important to have multiple and varied sources? • How can one account for differences in historical records? — Lack of evidence: often documents are deliberately destroyed, lost in the destruction of war or never existed — Different interpretations of the same sources: every historian can interpret things differently based on his/her intent, audience and personal infl uences or biases • Iris Chang used many sources in her research and examined all perspectives of the massacre —Interviews with Chinese survivors —Interviews with Japanese soldiers —Personal diaries: John Rabe’s diary, Minnie Vautrin’s diary, the diary of a Japanese soldier —Video footage —Photographs —Offi cial government and military records • Iris Chang’s the Rape of Nanking narrates the events of the Nanking Massacre from three different points of view —The Japanese interpretation —The Chinese interpretation —The interpretations of foreigners in Nanking Question: What kinds of sources do you use when researching? 234
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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Japanese Military and International
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Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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Unit 4—Handout 12 The Ambassador
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screamed, “Now that you are gone,
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Unit Five Military Sex Slaves Recru
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Although military prostitution has
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Unit Six Biological and Chemical We
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Students were compelled to bow towa
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Questions for Discussion 1. What is
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Japanese, Chinese, perhaps victims
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ESSENTIALS QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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