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These CBW camps and research laboratories employed over 20,000 physicians, surgeons, nurses, chemists,<br />

biologists, microbiologists, veterinarians, entomologists, and plant pathologists. These scientists and medical<br />

personnel were paid extra for their work. Surprisingly, although the development of CBW and the medical<br />

experiments were done in secret, the Japanese medical community was well-informed about these experiments.<br />

In fact, several fi lms of the vivisections were shown in Japan.<br />

After Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945, the facility was set on fi re. On August 20, Unit 731 let<br />

loose sixty horses that had been fed with glanders-infected oats. These radiated out in different directions to<br />

villages, where they infected other animals. On that same day, Unit 731 set free thousands of bubonic plagueinfected<br />

rats.<br />

An estimated 580,000 people were killed in experimentation centers and by germ warfare.<br />

Sheldon Harris is his landmark book, Factories of Death, has stated:<br />

There were many miscreants who share responsibility for Japan’s chemical and biological<br />

warfare programs. In fact, so many members of Japan’s scientifi c establishment, along with virtually<br />

every military leader of note and members of the imperial family, either participated in chemical<br />

or biological warfare research, or supported these projects with men, money, and material, that it<br />

is diffi cult today to apportion exact blame or responsibility. But there is no doubt that the person<br />

most responsible for converting Manchuria into one huge biological warfare laboratory during the<br />

Japanese occupation was the young army doctor, Major Ishii Shiro.<br />

Why were the Japanese interested in developing chemical and biological weapons? They were<br />

cheaper to develop and produce than conventional weapons. They were effective, causing not<br />

only military disruption but also social disruption.<br />

Aside from the human suffering, what can we learn from these experiments that took place in<br />

the not too distant past? Subsequent to the event, why was there a cover-up by the Japanese<br />

and the American governments?<br />

131

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