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Unit 4—Handout 1 Timeline of Nanking Massacre 1931, September 18 After the Mukden Incident, the Japanese occupy Manchuria, establish Manchukuo (puppet Japanese state) 1937 July 7-9 Battle between the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army August 13 Japanese attack Shanghai August 15 First air raid on Nanking November 12 Shanghai falls November 15 Chiang Kaishek’s government begins leaving Nanking November 16 Nanking International Committee for the Safety Zone conceived November 22 Safety Zone proposal sent to the Japanese authorities, rejected weeks later November 25 John Rabe wires Hitler for help establishing the Safety Zone December 8 Chiang Kaishek and advisors fl ee city December 10 Japanese forces wait for surrender fl ag at midday; none arrives. Assault on city begins December 14 -21 Rape, pillage, murder: fi rst major wave of violence December 21 Japanese military reorganized to complete "mop-up;” second major wave of violence begins. 1938 Jan. 28 - Feb 3 Third major wave of violence May Safety Zone dissolved; relief efforts continue 79
Unit 4—Handout 2 Historical Background The events now known as the Nanking Massacre, or the “Rape of Nanking” lasted approximately seven weeks—from December 13, 1937 to February 1938. The city was looted and burned, and marauding Japanese soldiers unleashed a staggering wave of violence on Nanking’s population. According to the summary judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE)—also known as the Tokyo Trials, “estimates indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanking and its vicinity during the fi rst six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over 200,000. Approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred in the city during the fi rst month of the occupation.” Prior to the fall of the city, many Chinese fl ed the approaching troops, and all foreign citizens were ordered to evacuate. A group of twenty-two European and American expatriates, however, refused to leave. Despite devastating air strikes and the threat of an oncoming army, these Westerners—including John Rabe, a Nazi businessman; Bob Wilson, an American surgeon; and Minni Vautrin, the American headmistress of Ginling Women’s College of Arts and Sciences—remained behind in order to set up a Safety Zone to protect civilians. Along with these Westerners, a number of Chinese—among others, Tsen Shui-fang, Chen Rong, Xu Chuanyin, Han Xianglin, and Qi Zhaochan, Chinese who knew foreign languages—also aided their fellow Chinese in the Safety Zone. Some two hundred thousand refugees crowded into the Zone, which spanned two square miles. During the brutal occupation, Safety Zone committee members vehemently protested the army’s actions to the Japanese authorities, but the carnage continued. Every day John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin, and the others fought to keep the Safety Zone’s boundaries intact and the refugees safe. By March 1938, the worst of the violence had subsided, so the army moved on, leaving behind an occupying force. The refugee camps in the Safety Zone were disbanded; however, intensive relief efforts continued. The Japanese set up a puppet government that ruled Nanking until the end of the war. In 1948, the IMTFE convicted Iwane Matsui, commander of Japanese forces in Nanking, of war crimes and sentenced him to death. Emperor Hirohito and his uncle Prince Asaka, who commanded the troops that actually occupied Nanking during the massacre, were spared. Today, many Japanese know little about the wartime atrocities their country committed throughout Asia. More than seventy years later, the invasion of Nanking remains a divisive issue. Some Japanese ultraconservatives deny or minimize the massacre; to this day, many Japanese believe stories of atrocities in Nanking are exaggerations and lies. Chinese have protested the Japanese approval of textbooks that call the Nanking massacre an “incident.” The protests have made headlines around the world. Many in Asia are also outraged by the former Japanese prime minister’s annual pilgrimage to the Yasukuni Shrine, a Shinto shrine located in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Along with millions of soldiers who died for the Japanese Emperor, Yasukuni—which translates as “peaceful nation”—enshrines 14 class A war criminals. 80
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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Page 40 and 41: Genocide has taken place throughout
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Page 44 and 45: Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Page 69 and 70: Unit 3—Handout 2-3 Modern Chinese
Page 71 and 72: Unit 3—Handout 2-1 Examine the th
Page 73 and 74: Unit 3 Handout 3-3—#1 Examine car
Page 75 and 76: Unit 3—Handout 5 Bushidō 68 hubp
Page 77 and 78: Unit 3—Handout 7 brookdalecc Stud
Page 79 and 80: Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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Page 101 and 102: Unit 4—Handout 12 The Ambassador
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Page 120 and 121: Unit Five Military Sex Slaves Recru
Page 122 and 123: Although military prostitution has
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Page 128 and 129: Unit 5—Handout 2 Survivor Testimo
Page 130 and 131: Unit 5—Handout 3 Survivor Testimo
Page 132 and 133: Unit 5—Handout 4 Discussion Quest
Page 134 and 135: Unit 5—Handout 6 Japanese Governm
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Unit Six Biological and Chemical We
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These CBW camps and research labora
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 6—Handout 1 Research Project
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Unit 6—Handout 2-1 Germ Warfare T
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Unit 6—Handout 3 Survivor Testimo
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Survivor of Bubonic Plague, Jiang L
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Unit 6—Handout 7 Questions for Di
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Students were compelled to bow towa
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Questions for Discussion 1. What is
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"Regarding the issue of biological
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Japanese, Chinese, perhaps victims
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DVDs History—Unit 731: Nightmare
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ESSENTIALS QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 7—Handout 5 Questions for Di
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Sides, Hampton. Ghost Soldiers: The
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 8—Handout 1 Defi nitions Def
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Unit 8—Handout 3 Universe of Obli
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This demilitarized zone for Chinese
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Unit 8—Handout 6 Members of the I
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Selected Rescuer Profi les A Letter
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George Ashmore Fitch (1883-1979) Ge
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Unit 8—Handout 7 Chinese Rescue W
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Jing Zhe-qiao, Xu Kai-ji (Director,
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Dr. Chang (Doctor, Nanjing Drum Tow
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I’ll close today’s entry with t
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Unit 8—Handout 9-1 John Rabe (188
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anyone who tried to defend themselv
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Unit 8—Handout 9-2 Tsen Shuifang
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gate while the refugees poured in.
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Unit 8—Handout 9-4 Honda Introduc
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Unit 8—Handout 10 Exercise and Qu
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Unit Nine The Tokyo War Crimes Tria
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Unit 9—Handout 2 Making a Differe
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dedicated to religion, art, science
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Non-Applicability of Statutory Limi
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Prosecution Team: This group needs
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Unit 9—Handout 6 International Ag
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A No War Resolution that expressed
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Unit Ten Japanese Denial and Intern
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Denial of the Nanking Massacre •
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Unit 10—Handout 2-1 Activism Acti
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Unit 10—Handout 3 Redress and Pea
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Unit 10—Handout 5-1 Japanese Deni
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March. It is amazing to me that the
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Russo-Japanese War, such as the pro
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Endnotes to portion of article incl
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Why is Redress Important? • Becau
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For the Chinese witnesses at the tr
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Unit 10—Handout 8 Questions for R
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Japan’s “masochistic education
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Yoshida: I didn’t mention this in
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Unit 10—Suggested Bibliography Bu
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1945 The fi rst atomic bomb is drop
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January, 1938 The world learns of t
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Reading Standards 9-12 1. Cite stro
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