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Questions for Discussion 1. What is your reaction to the statements of Dr. Yuasa about his experiences performing vivisections? 2. What oath do medical personnel, around the world, take? Explain how Dr. Yuasa violated this oath. 3. Why did Dr. Yuasa place his duty to his government above this oath? 4. When he graduated from medical school, Dr. Yuasa says that he “intended to visit rural villages that had no doctor and treat unprivileged patients.” What changed his mind? 5. Have you ever experienced confl icting responsibilities or duties, for example, to your friend and to parents, or to your friend and religious teachings? 149
Unit 6—Handout 9 Asia Times 2010 article on Medical Experiments Japan's Unit 731 victims' remains to be dug up Ground-zero of Imperial Japan's germ war By Peter J Brown In 1989, a mass grave was unearthed at the construction site for a National Institute of Health facility in the Shinjuku section of Tokyo. Flash forward 21 years to another site a short distance from where the remains were discovered in 1989. Excavation work will soon commence at this second site, one of three identifi ed in 2006 by a former nurse who worked at the Imperial Japanese Army Medical College in Shinjuku, and who pinpointed possible locations where human remains were hastily buried. These were all probably the unfortunate victims of a string of medical experiments performed on living subjects in Japan as well as in Manchuria and China by the Imperial Japanese Army. The nurse reported that she and other medical workers were ordered to bury these complete and partial remains after Japan surrendered to the US in August, 1945. The Imperial Japanese Army Medical College's Research Institute for Preventive Medicine once occupied this site. The infamous Unit 731 created in 1932—aka the "Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department" or simply the "Manchuria 731st Unit"—was also headquartered there. "If the bones are actually there, they are likely related to Unit 731 itself, because the facility that used to stand in that part of the compound was closely linked to the unit," Professor Tsuneishi Keiichi of Kanagawa University, one of Japan's top biological warfare (BW) experts, told the Taipei Times newspaper in 2006. [1] Today, a soon-to-be demolished government-funded residential complex is located at the Tokyo compound. "From a procedural standpoint, the government had to wait for the government building built over the site to be obsolete enough to be torn down," said Yukie Yoshikawa, a senior research fellow at the Edwin O Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies in Washington DC. "But my sense is that in 1989 [when the fi rst bodies were discovered in Shinjuku] many of the people involved in this issue were still alive, and wanted the truth not to be uncovered." Ishii Shiro, the director of Unit 731 who died in the 1950s, was once described as the "Japanese Mengele," a reference to Josef Mengele, the German SS offi cer and a physician in Nazi concentration camps who was also known as the "Angel of Death." Unit 731's operations in China included a large contingent in Harbin, along with one in Singapore. Shinjuku was the source of BW agents that infected thousands of people in China. Estimates of the total death toll in China range from anywhere between 250,000 and 1 million. The BW experiments conducted in Shinjuku and elsewhere which Ishii supervised killed more than an estimated 3,000 people, including many Chinese. Many of the army offi cers and personnel responsible for these horrifi c acts who were captured by the Russians were imprisoned. But in Japan after the war, the US turned a blind eye and allowed them to simply walk away. The perpetrators were never prosecuted or punished in any way. According to Koga Kei, a 2009-2010 Vasey Fellow from Japan at the Pacifi c Forum Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Honolulu and a PhD candidate in international relations at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, the upcoming excavation in Shinjuku is tied to the broader joint effort recently undertaken by Japan and China to jointly explore historical issues often divisive and painful in an attempt to gain a better understanding of each other's different perspective, among other things. "The issue relating Unit 731 is a point of contention. The research group provided its reports both in Japanese and Chinese last January, and the descriptions in these Japanese and Chinese reports differ," said Koga. 150
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The Nanking Massacre and Other Japa
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Each of us has cause to think with
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Preface The publication of the seco
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 1—Handout 1 Our Human Rights
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I was little and had short straight
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Questions for Discussion 1. Did you
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How comfortable would you feel with
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Bob: Those black guys in the high s
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dislike for good and suffi cient re
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Unit 1—Handout 7 Prejudice by Ire
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Riots, like most problems, have man
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Unit Two Atrocity, Massacre, Genoci
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thoughtful defi nition(s) they choo
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Genocide has taken place throughout
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Holocaust and Genocide - Is There a
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Unit 2—Handout 5 The Defi nition
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Unit 2—Handout 8 VIOLENCE HATE PR
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DVDs American Justice. “War Crime
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Japan so desperately needed to dest
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION THAT WILL FOCUS
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Unit 3—Handout 1 Nationalism, Mil
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Japanese Military and International
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WWII in the Pacifi c (1941-1945) In
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Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). DVD. 20th
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SUGGESTED SEQUENCE OF LEARNING ACTI
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Unit 4—Handout 2 Historical Backg
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Shaded area is the Nanking Internat
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will be lost or wrecked or utterly
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of these not realizing the Japanese
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Unit 4—Handout 12 The Ambassador
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gate while the refugees poured in.
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Unit Nine The Tokyo War Crimes Tria
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Unit 9—Handout 2 Making a Differe
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dedicated to religion, art, science
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Non-Applicability of Statutory Limi
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Prosecution Team: This group needs
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Unit 9—Handout 6 International Ag
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A No War Resolution that expressed
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Unit Ten Japanese Denial and Intern
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Denial of the Nanking Massacre •
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March. It is amazing to me that the
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Russo-Japanese War, such as the pro
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Why is Redress Important? • Becau
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For the Chinese witnesses at the tr
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Japan’s “masochistic education
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Yoshida: I didn’t mention this in
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1945 The fi rst atomic bomb is drop
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January, 1938 The world learns of t
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Reading Standards 9-12 1. Cite stro
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