The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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eciprocal transformation of the data was used. This transformation of the data changed the distributions so they no longer differed significantly from the normal distribution according the Shapiro-Wilk test. Note that this transformation is one of the most powerful but it was necessary to achieve a normal distribution for each condition. The transformed data were then analyzed using an ANOVA. There was no main effect for practice condition (global or local), F (1, 56) = 1.11, p = .30, or test condition (global or local), F < 1. Furthermore, there was no significant interaction, between the practice and test conditions, F < 1. Consistent with the ANOVA conducted before the data transformation, these results suggest that participants in Experiment 3 preformed equally well at grouping by a particular scale (global or local) in a test phase when trained by the same scale or an alternative scale in a preceding practice session. 98
General Discussion Research that has examined the effect of the Gestalt grouping principles on display design has largely influenced how designers group elements in user interface displays. However, limitations set by task demands have been shown to constrain the amount of time that users can preview interface displays. Hurrying to meet deadlines, quick saccades between displays to integrate information, unwanted information sorting and repetition of familiar tasks are all examples of limitations on user interface viewing time. Recent discoveries in vision science, suggest that grouping can occur in more than one way across time (Gulick & Stake, 1957; Kurylo, 1997; Moore & Brown, 2001; Navon, 1981; Oliva & Schyns, 1997; Rauschenberger & Yantis, 2001; Sanocki, 1993; Schulz, 2002; Schulz et al., 2001; Schulz & Sanocki, 2003; Schyns & Oliva, 1994). These discoveries that address exposure time limitations and grouping, have not been taken into account in user interface research. For this reason, in the reported experiments, time limitations were carefully considered with respect to the grouping of elements presented in user interface displays. Experiment 1 was designed to determine whether grouping operates differentially on global and local information as a function of exposure duration. Observers were presented with ambiguous prime displays, in which a central pushbutton could group with a pushbutton on one side by a global grouping property (common region) or with a pushbutton on the opposing side by a local grouping property (connectedness). The 99
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Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
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Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
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List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
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will look like and how it will comm
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visibility of important interface e
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displays are reported. Global and l
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Electrical activity generated by th
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would not be. It would be easier to
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could be grouped by the principles
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Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
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One of the leaders in grouping and
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defined by similar numbers. For exa
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and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
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proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
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find the target ‘Picture’ in th
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Humans integrate many types of info
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measures. As a result, the pilot wo
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Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
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soldiers see in these speeded condi
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2001), grouping by proximity and al
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local letters, as illustrated by Fi
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frequency channels at specific rang
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Recent support for the Flexible Usa
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occluded shape as being incomplete
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search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
Page 73 and 74: principles that are depicted more g
Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
Page 79 and 80: participants, randomly with replace
Page 81 and 82: Figure 23. Targets used in reported
Page 83 and 84: participants that were more than th
Page 85 and 86: that was presented in the pilot exp
Page 87 and 88: from three participants because one
Page 89 and 90: see, each of the four distributions
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of data from each
Page 93 and 94: Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
Page 95 and 96: Results and discussion Sixteen fema
Page 97 and 98: global grouping was significantly f
Page 99 and 100: Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
Page 101 and 102: means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
Page 103 and 104: to group by the alternative scale.
Page 105: Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
Page 109 and 110: Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
Page 111 and 112: the size scale within an existing i
Page 113 and 114: “Hotmail” has been reported to
Page 115 and 116: They are interesting within the con
Page 117 and 118: forms of similarity could also be t
Page 119 and 120: the context of vision science resea
Page 121 and 122: Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
Page 123 and 124: De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
Page 125 and 126: Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
Page 127 and 128: Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
Page 129 and 130: Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
Page 131 and 132: Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
Page 133 and 134: Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
Page 135: About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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