The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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vision science suggest that perceptual organization, and specifically perceptual grouping, can vary with exposure duration. Time course of perceptual organization Does perceptual organization occur immediately in vision or does it take time to manifest? There has been some evidence suggesting that scenes are organized so quickly that humans can access only organized structures, rather than the primitive elements that compose these structures (Rensink & Enns, 1995). However, several lines of recent research in vision science have shown that perceptual organization of elements in spatial displays can depend largely on how long these displays are presented (Gulick & Stake, 1957; Kurylo, 1997; Moore & Brown, 2001; Navon, 1981; Oliva & Schyns, 1997; Rauschenberger & Yantis, 2001; Sanocki, 1993; Schulz, 2002; Schulz et al., 2001; Schulz & Sanocki, 2003; Schyns & Oliva, 1994). This research has shown that perceptual organization may operate along a time course in which certain grouping interpretations are perceived under shorter stimulus durations but then changed by alternative grouping interpretations that are perceived at longer durations. In order to understand how humans perceptually organize spatial and computerized displays, the perceptual process must be disrupted at different times. Researchers who have disrupted the visual process by limiting stimulus exposure time have found effects of stimulus duration on the perception of size (Gulick & Stake, 1957), low versus high frequency information (Schyns & Oliva, 1994, Oliva & Schyns, 1997), global versus local configuration (Navon, 1981; Sanocki, 1993), object completion (Rauschenberger & Yantis, 2001), lightness and transparent filters (Moore & Brown, 34
2001), grouping by proximity and alignment chromatic color, achromatic color and shape similarity (Kurylo, 1997; Schulz, 2001; Schulz, 2002; Schulz et al., 2001; Schulz & Sanocki, 2003). From these results, we can conclude that spatial scenes can be interpreted in more than one way, depending on viewing duration. The following will be a discussion of various lines of empirical evidence that suggest a time course of perceptual organization. Specific emphasis will be placed on the time course of Gestalt grouping as it relates to the proposed line of research. Size perception. In the late 1950s, Gulick and Stake (1957) began by investigating how viewing durations of spatial scenes can affect size perception. Participants observed two triangles that were presented in a 130-foot tunnel. One of the triangles remained in a constant depth location on each trial. The second triangle was adjusted in depth, from 20 to 80 feet, on each trial. Due to the fact that the second triangle was presented at a variety of depth locations, the retinal image of this triangle varied across trials. Although the size of this triangle remained constant, participants were informed that the size of the second triangle would vary. The participants then signaled the experimenter when the two triangles appeared to be the same size. Participants viewed each scene for 0.1 sec, 0.8 sec, or 4.0 sec. An episcotister was the device used to limit exposure to each scene. The experimenters hypothesized that shorter exposure times to the objects in the tunnel may alter the perception of size-constancy when accommodation, convergence, and retinal disparity were the only depth cues available. Gulick and Stake (1957) found that participants who saw the perceptual scene for 35
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
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Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
Page 79 and 80: participants, randomly with replace
Page 81 and 82: Figure 23. Targets used in reported
Page 83 and 84: participants that were more than th
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Page 87 and 88: from three participants because one
Page 89 and 90: see, each of the four distributions
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of data from each
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Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
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Results and discussion Sixteen fema
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global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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