The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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Participants were asked to complete two experimental sessions. Although no differences in accuracy were observed, participants’ second session latencies were significantly briefer for the structured display when compared with the narrative display. In addition, across both sessions, participants assessed the quality of the structured displays to be significantly better than that of the narrative displays. These results suggest that participants are faster at making decisions about text that is logically grouped, when compared to unstructured text. The results also suggest that participants find structured displays to be of a superior quality when compared to unstructured displays. When interpreting these results, it is important to note that the structured format display type used slightly fewer text characters than the narrative format, thus making the search set smaller. A smaller search set should produce faster visual search and this could explain the participants’ speeded responses to questions relating to the structured display. To understand grouping in interface displays, further research would be needed to tease these factors apart. One of the major setbacks with the Tullis (1981) research was that it was not objective in quantifying grouping. Had grouping been quantified, the degree to which grouping existed in both experimental display types could have been better contrasted. To speak to this issue, Tullis (1984) developed a computer program to quantify six interface characteristics within his stimuli. Two such characteristics included “number of groups” and “average size of groups.” With respect to Figure 5A for example, Figure 6A shows the number of groups defined by the computer program for this stimulus. Groups are 18
defined by similar numbers. For example, all of the ones in Figure 6A form a group. As a second example, with respect to Figure 5B, Figure 6B shows the number of groups defined by the computer program for this stimulus. In comparing Figure 6A and Figure 6B, the Tullis computer program has assessed Figure 6A as having three groups whereas Figure 6B is assessed as having 13. Figure 6. Computer program assessment of narrative and structured format A Note. Stimuli presented by Tullis. Groups are represented by identical numeric values (1984) (a) Three groups are represented within this stimulus. (b) Thirteen groups are represented within this stimulus. Using this program to assess grouping in user interface, Tullis (1984) performed a usability study on displays with different numbers of groups. Participants were presented with stimuli that contained a range of computer-defined groups. Participants were asked to answer questions about each stimulus. Researchers recorded the amount of time it took for participants to locate the correct answers to these questions. The results suggested that search time increases with the number of groups and the average size of groups. This research is consistent with the idea that grouping in user interface displays can facilitate search time for finding answers to questions that are based on displays. 19 B
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
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influence what ‘goes together’
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participants, randomly with replace
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Figure 23. Targets used in reported
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participants that were more than th
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that was presented in the pilot exp
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from three participants because one
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see, each of the four distributions
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The distribution of data from each
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Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
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Results and discussion Sixteen fema
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global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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