The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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interpretations of perceptual scenes that are constructed of the ambiguous retinal pieces. So how does the ambiguous local information that our retinal receptors detect become the global scenes that we perceive? To construct global scenes, humans must rely on visual processing, which integrates the visual information that the retinal receptors detect with prior knowledge about the spatial environment and a variety of assumptions. In what follows, these integrated components of the visual process are examined individually. Bottom-up, top- down and assumption based visual processing will be discussed. Specific emphasis will be placed on Gestalt grouping assumptions due to their central role in the proposed research. Bottom-up processing. Bottom-up image processing begins when a patterned array of light from the environment strikes a complex network of cells that covers the inside back of the eye. This network of cells is called the retina and includes receptors that fire electrical signals in response to light (Goldstein, 1999). Retinal receptor cells fire in various configurations, depending on the configuration of the patterned array of light striking the eye. When the retinal receptor cells generate electrical signals in response to an image, the visual system receives its first piece of information. Initial pieces of visual information are sent from retinal receptors to ganglion cells that form optic nerves. The optic nerves transmit the information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. The LGN then sends the electrical message to the cortical receiving area of vision, in the occipital lobe of the brain for further processing (Goldstein, 1999). 8
Electrical activity generated by the retinal image is initially registered in the cortical receiving area as edges, lines, and blobs. Collectively, these representations have been described as raw primal sketches (Marr, 1982). Raw primal sketches represent information about the impoverished 2-dimensional structure of the retinal image, rather than rich information about the physical objects in the external world that produced that image (Palmer, 1999). For example, a red apple will be represented in the cortical receiving area as being purple if it is viewed by an observer in dim lighting conditions. The apple appears to be purple because the color of the apple actually detected by the retinal receptors is purple when viewed in these conditions. However, the color of the apple detected in these conditions is not that which we know a red apple to be. To become the red apple, the electrical activity representing bottom-up visual information about this object must be sent from the primary receiving area of the visual cortex as output to many deeper visual areas (Palmer, 1999). When the electrical activity reaches deeper levels of the visual cortex, it is combined with stored knowledge that helps humans interpret the ambiguous bottom up visual information, represented as the electrical raw image information. The application of this stored knowledge to the bottom- up stimulus information, toward the development of final percept, is known as top-down processing. Top-down processing. Bottom-up processing generates only one type of information that humans rely on to interpret spatial scenes. By itself, it is simply not adequate because it does not contain enough detail and can often be ambiguous as to how it should be interpreted. Humans must combine the information that they have attained 9
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
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in user interface display layouts.
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were asked to make decisions about
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columns of pushbuttons on either si
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principles that are depicted more g
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no longer perceived. These cases wi
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influence what ‘goes together’
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participants, randomly with replace
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Figure 23. Targets used in reported
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participants that were more than th
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that was presented in the pilot exp
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from three participants because one
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see, each of the four distributions
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The distribution of data from each
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Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
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Results and discussion Sixteen fema
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global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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