The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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prime. Participants were asked to determine whether or not each target matched its preceding prime. It was hypothesized that at short prime durations, targets would appear to match the coarse blob interpretation of the ambiguous hybrid prime. Conversely, at long prime durations, it was hypothesized that targets would appear to match the fine edge interpretation of the ambiguous prime. Schyns and Oliva (1994) found that at short prime durations, participants preferentially matched the course blob interpretation of the primes with the targets. However, in long prime durations, participants preferentially matched the fine edges interpretation of the primes with the targets. These results suggest that in limited exposure durations to spatial scenes, humans tend to organize displays by coarse scene information. However, given longer exposure durations and therefore more processing time to spatial scenes, humans tend to organize displays by fine scene edges. Both the research by Scyns and Oliva (1994) and that of Vannucci et al. (2001) lend support to the Fixed Usage, course to fine hypothesis. As opposed to the Fixed Usage hypothesis, the Flexible Usage hypothesis suggests that processing can begin with either scale. According to the Flexible Usage hypothesis, visual processing begins with the spatial scale that is most useful (Morrison & Schyns, 2001; Oliva and Schyns, 1997; Schyns and Oliva, 1999). That is, visual processing can begin with high spatial frequency information then followed by low spatial frequency information or begin by low spatial frequency information then followed by high frequency information. The order of processing is believed to rely on task diagnosticity (Oliva & Schyns, 1997). 40
Recent support for the Flexible Usage hypothesis has been found by Oliva and Schyns (1997). These researchers began by questioning why the human visual system would process coarse scene details before fine details, as indicated by Schyns and Oliva 1994. One explanation could be that coarse scene details are available to the visual system first. To test this hypothesis, Oliva and Schyns (1997) expanded upon their earlier research to determine whether both coarse and fine scene scales are available early in vision or whether one type of scale precedes the other. These researchers presented hybrid primes for 30 ms durations. Targets were either the coarse or fine scale interpretation of those primes. Participants were asked to name the scenes within the targets as quickly and accurately as possible. It was expected that if coarse scene details were available before fine scene details in visual processing, then reaction times to coarse scene targets would be significantly faster than that to fine scene details targets. No significant difference was found between reaction time to coarse and fine scene targets. These results were taken to suggest that both perceptual scales may be available early in vision. If processing of coarse to fine details cannot be explained by one scale being available before another, what could the explanation be? Oliva and Schyns (1997) hypothesized that perhaps both coarse and fine scales are available in early vision and humans process the scale that works best with their given task. To test this idea, Oliva and Schyns conducted a second experiment in which subjects were presented with practice trials that either required them to categorize spatial scenes by fine or coarse scale 41
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
Page 73 and 74: principles that are depicted more g
Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
Page 79 and 80: participants, randomly with replace
Page 81 and 82: Figure 23. Targets used in reported
Page 83 and 84: participants that were more than th
Page 85 and 86: that was presented in the pilot exp
Page 87 and 88: from three participants because one
Page 89 and 90: see, each of the four distributions
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of data from each
Page 93 and 94: Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
Page 95 and 96: Results and discussion Sixteen fema
Page 97 and 98: global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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