The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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eaction times would be faster that controls when targets matched the pre-constancy grouping solution of the prime at short prime durations. Similarly, it was expected that reaction times would be faster that controls when targets matched the post-constancy grouping solution of the prime at long prime durations. Figure 14. Unambiguous color grouping targets A Note. (a) Pre-constancy match experimental target. (b) Example post-constancy experimental match target. The results revealed that reaction times to pre-constancy match targets were significantly faster than those to post-constancy match targets at prime durations shorter than 450ms (see Figure 15A). This finding was consistent with Schulz and Sanocki's (2003) direct report research. However, reaction times to post-constancy match targets were not significantly different from zero at prime durations beyond 450ms (see Figure 15B). This finding was inconsistent with previous direct report research and has been taken to suggest the possibility that there exists an ambiguity between pre- and post- constancy color representations beyond 450ms. 52 B
Figure 15. Results for ambiguous priming study A B Note. Results presented by Schulz et al., 2001. Standard error indicated by bars. (a) Mean pre- and post-constancy match advantage by prime durations in between subjects condition. (b) Mean pre- and post-constancy match advantage in within-subjects condition. In sum, the previously detailed studies suggest that there exists a time course of color similarity grouping in that observers can switch from pre- to post-constancy color information with the increase in stimulus duration. But what about other types of similarity grouping like lightness, shape, texture, and pattern? Does the observed time course of grouping extend to these attributes as well? Grouping by achromatic lightness. To test the generality of the time course of similarity grouping, Schulz (2001) tested grouping by lightness and shape similarity at short and long stimulus durations. In a first experiment, ambiguous lightness stimuli were presented for 200 or 2000ms. Experimental stimuli (see Figure 16A) followed luminescence constancy stimuli used in prior research (Rock, Nijhawan, Palmer & Tudor, 1992). Experimental stimuli contained 5 columns of circles. Participants were asked to group the central column of circles with the columns on the right or the left hand side by 53
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Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
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Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
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List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
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Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 9 and 10: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
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Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
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Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
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Page 81 and 82: Figure 23. Targets used in reported
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Page 89 and 90: see, each of the four distributions
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of data from each
Page 93 and 94: Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
Page 95 and 96: Results and discussion Sixteen fema
Page 97 and 98: global grouping was significantly f
Page 99 and 100: Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
Page 101 and 102: means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
Page 103 and 104: to group by the alternative scale.
Page 105 and 106: Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
Page 107 and 108: General Discussion Research that ha
Page 109 and 110: Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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