The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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interpretation should match the shape of the opposing columns of circles. If participants grouped the central circles by similarity of complete shape, they would group the central circles with these opposing columns. In Figure 17A, for example, the central circles group by complete shape with the columns of shapes on the right. Figure 17. Ambiguous shape grouping stimuli and results A Note. (a) Experimental stimulus, Schulz (2001). Central column of shapes matches incomplete shape of columns of left and complete shape of columns on right. (b) Mean percent of grouping by complete shape across time. The mean percentages of grouping experimental stimuli by complete shape, for each stimulus duration, are plotted in Figure 17B. Grouping by incomplete shape was predominant at the shortest exposure time (58% incomplete shape, 42% complete shape at 200ms). At the longest exposure time, however, grouping switched to occur predominantly by complete shape (25% incomplete, 75% complete). These results suggest that grouping can begin by incomplete shape and then switch to occur by complete shape as exposure time increases. 56 B
In review these findings, it becomes clear that exposure time is a critical factor to consider when determining the perceived organization of spatial displays. It is important to note that with the exception of the stimuli of Gulick and Stake (1957), all of the stimuli detailed in the previously mentioned time course experiments were presented on computer monitors. The results of these experiments should therefore bear some information on how humans perceive and group elements presented on computerized interface displays. Further, research by Bruno, Domini and Bertamini (1997) suggests that varying exposure durations to pictorially presented displays (such as computerized displays) can have a much different effect on organization than varying exposure duration to displays that include binocular parallax (such as real world scenes). Bruno et al. compared the time course of amodal completion in pictorial and binocular parallax displays. This research followed research conducted by Sekuler and Palmer (1992) who found evidence for a pre-completion interpretation (i.e., incomplete shape) of pictorially presented amodal completion displays when stimuli were shown for less than 200ms. When presenting displays pictorially, Bruno et al. found evidence for the perception of a pre-completion interpretation of the stimuli at 100ms stimulus durations. This result was consistent with the results obtained by Sekuler and Palmer. However, inconsistent with previous pictorial research, the perception of a pre-completion interpretation of the stimuli was not found when similar displays were presented under the condition of binocular parallax. Bruno et al. concluded that Sekuler and Palmer’s early pre-completion result might have been obtained because pictorial displays were used. While this finding may have raised questions about the generality of the Sekular and Palmers’ result in real 57
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Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
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Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
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List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
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will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
Page 73 and 74: principles that are depicted more g
Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
Page 79 and 80: participants, randomly with replace
Page 81 and 82: Figure 23. Targets used in reported
Page 83 and 84: participants that were more than th
Page 85 and 86: that was presented in the pilot exp
Page 87 and 88: from three participants because one
Page 89 and 90: see, each of the four distributions
Page 91 and 92: The distribution of data from each
Page 93 and 94: Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
Page 95 and 96: Results and discussion Sixteen fema
Page 97 and 98: global grouping was significantly f
Page 99 and 100: Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
Page 101 and 102: means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
Page 103 and 104: to group by the alternative scale.
Page 105 and 106: Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
Page 107 and 108: General Discussion Research that ha
Page 109 and 110: Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
Page 111 and 112: the size scale within an existing i
Page 113 and 114: “Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
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Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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