The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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In an extension of his 1984 study, Tullis (1996) set out to determine the specific relationship between the number of groups and the average size (visual angle subtended) of groups in user interface displays. Specifically, Tullis was interested in the group number and visual angle range that optimized search speed. Tullis found that search time is a function of the number of groups when groups contain visual angles measured at less than 5 degrees. That is, for groups subtending a 5-degree visual angle, search time increased with the number of groups. However, when the visual angle exceeds 5 degrees, search time increased proportionally with visual angle. Research by Tullis has assessed grouping interpretations and how fast users can answer questions about grouped and ungrouped interface displays. However, other lines of research have shown that grouping can affect users’ tasks with interface in more indirect ways as well. As one example, Niemela and Saarinen (2000) used a visual search task to study the effect of icon grouping on scanning speed. These researchers hypothesized that the spatial grouping of icons of the same application type would increase scanning speed. To test this hypothesis, participants were presented with an icon-based user interface, for an unlimited exposure duration, and asked to search for a target icon located among four to sixteen distracter icons. In one condition, icons representing files that were saved in the same application type were presented in proximal groups (see Figure 7A). In a second condition, however, icons representing files saved in the same application type were randomly displayed (see Figure 7B). Across 4, 8, and 16 item set sizes, Niemela 20
and Saasrinen (2000) observed that participants were able to locate files from particular applications faster when icons representing these applications were spatially grouped (778ms) rather than randomly arranged (1267ms). In other words, the spatial grouping of icons of the same application type significantly increased scanning speed for all search set sizes. Figure 7. Icons in visual search experiment A Note. Stimuli presented by Niemela & Saasrinen (2000). (a) Prime with grouped icons. (b) Prime with randomly positioned icons. Niemela and Saarinen (2000) have provided information about how the use of independent Gestalt grouping principles like proximity and similarity can enhance user interface design. But what about interactions between Gestalt grouping principles? Do Gestalt grouping interactions affect display design? To speak to this question, additional research that focuses on how Gestalt principles are perceived together in complex screen displays has also been a topic of interest (Addy, 2000; Bennet, Nagy & Flach, 1996; Proctor & Proctor, 1996; Wickens & Carswell, 1996). This line of inquiry is important 21 B
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21 and 22: could be grouped by the principles
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4. Gestalt principles of gro
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
Page 73 and 74: principles that are depicted more g
Page 75 and 76: no longer perceived. These cases wi
Page 77 and 78: influence what ‘goes together’
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participants, randomly with replace
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Figure 23. Targets used in reported
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participants that were more than th
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that was presented in the pilot exp
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from three participants because one
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see, each of the four distributions
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The distribution of data from each
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Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
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Results and discussion Sixteen fema
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global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
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Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
Page 131 and 132:
Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
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Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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