The Use of Iambic Pentameter in the

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with the principle of good continuation (continuity). In panel D, two pairs of lines appear to form two boxes that almost close, demonstrating grouping by closure. Figure 3. Gestalt principles of grouping shown by lines Note. (a) Grouping by symmetry. (b) Grouping by parallelism. (c) Grouping by good continuation. (d) Grouping by closure. Contemporary researchers continue to discover new principles of grouping. The principle of synchrony describes the idea that events that occur at the same time will be grouped together (Bregman, 1978; Palmer & Levitin, in preparation). Due to its dynamic properties, the principle of synchrony is not easily depicted in a static figure and therefore not depicted in this paper. The principle of connectedness implies that elements that are connected in some way tend to be perceived as belonging together (Palmer & Rock, 1994a; Rock, Linnet et al., 1992). In Figure 4A for example, the first and second pair of dots are each connected by a black bar. Due to the presence of the connecting bars, the dots appear to form two separate groups. The principle of common region describes the idea that elements that are enclosed in the same region will be grouped together (Palmer, 1992). In Figure 4B, for example, there are two boxes, each surrounding a pair of dots. Due to the presence of the boxes, two groups of two dots are perceived, rather than four independent dots. 14
Figure 4. Gestalt principles of grouping that have recently been discovered Note. (a) Grouping by connectedness. (b) Grouping by common region. The Gestalt principles of grouping are presumed to be the underlying assumptions on which perceptual organization is based (Wertheimer, 1950). For this reason, the relationship between these principles and attention and navigation has been carefully considered with respect to human perception of real-world spatial environments (Beck, 1967; Ben-Av, Sagi & Braun, 1992; Duncan & Humphreys, 1989; Johnston, Schwarting, & Hawley, 1996; Moore & Egeth, 1997; Olson & Attneave, 1970; Pomerantz & Garner, 1973; Pomerantz & Schwaitzberg 1975; Treisman, Sykes & Gelade, 1977; Treisman & Gelade, 1980; Treisman, 1982; Treisman, 1985; Yantis, 1992). The Gestalt principles of grouping have also had many diverse applications in a variety of domains including audition (e.g., Bregman, 1990), computer vision (e.g., McCafferty, 1990), and art (e.g., Arnheim, 1974). Given the diverse applicability of the Gestalt principles, it is reasonable to question the extent to which these principles could be applied to enhance user interface design. Does the applicability of the Gestalt principles of grouping extend well to the user interface domain? Many perceptual phenomena that are observed in human-real world interactions have been observed in human-computer interactions as well (Nass & Moon, 2000; Reeves & Nass, 1996; Reeves & Nass, 2000). Human perception of size and distance 15
Page 1 and 2: Time Course of Perceptual Grouping
Page 3 and 4: Experiment 1 76 Method 76 Results a
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1. Illustrat
Page 11 and 12: will look like and how it will comm
Page 13 and 14: visibility of important interface e
Page 15 and 16: displays are reported. Global and l
Page 17 and 18: Electrical activity generated by th
Page 19 and 20: would not be. It would be easier to
Page 21: could be grouped by the principles
Page 25 and 26: One of the leaders in grouping and
Page 27 and 28: defined by similar numbers. For exa
Page 29 and 30: and Saasrinen (2000) observed that
Page 31 and 32: proximity (Bailey, 1989; Bonney & W
Page 33 and 34: find the target ‘Picture’ in th
Page 35 and 36: Humans integrate many types of info
Page 37 and 38: measures. As a result, the pilot wo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 10. Pop-up advertisement wit
Page 41 and 42: soldiers see in these speeded condi
Page 43 and 44: 2001), grouping by proximity and al
Page 45 and 46: local letters, as illustrated by Fi
Page 47 and 48: frequency channels at specific rang
Page 49 and 50: Recent support for the Flexible Usa
Page 51 and 52: occluded shape as being incomplete
Page 53 and 54: search for the target in the experi
Page 55 and 56: Gestalt principle of good continuat
Page 57 and 58: columns of circles on the opposing
Page 59 and 60: short stimulus durations can be use
Page 61 and 62: Figure 15. Results for ambiguous pr
Page 63 and 64: As shown in Figure 16B, for the lig
Page 65 and 66: In review these findings, it become
Page 67 and 68: in user interface display layouts.
Page 69 and 70: were asked to make decisions about
Page 71 and 72: columns of pushbuttons on either si
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principles that are depicted more g
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no longer perceived. These cases wi
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influence what ‘goes together’
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participants, randomly with replace
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Figure 23. Targets used in reported
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participants that were more than th
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that was presented in the pilot exp
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from three participants because one
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see, each of the four distributions
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The distribution of data from each
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Figure 28. Targets for Experiment 2
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Results and discussion Sixteen fema
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global grouping was significantly f
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Figure 32A depicts a box plot for g
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means, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Te
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to group by the alternative scale.
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Table 4. Characteristics of RT dist
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General Discussion Research that ha
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Experiments 2A and 2B were designed
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the size scale within an existing i
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“Hotmail” has been reported to
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They are interesting within the con
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forms of similarity could also be t
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the context of vision science resea
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Bennett, K. B., Nagy, A. L., and Fl
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De Valois, R. L. & De Valois, K. K.
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Johnston, W.A., Schwarting, I.S. &
Page 127 and 128:
Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E.J.
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Palmer, S. E. & Rock, I. (1994). Re
Page 131 and 132:
Sanocki, T.(2001). Interaction of s
Page 133 and 134:
Tullis, T. S. (1981). An evaluation
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About the Author Melissa F. Schulz
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