Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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Christ. It gave the knight the opportunity to prove his prowess, to suffer the hardships of his calling in the service and with the blessing ot God. Geoffrey de Charny could write that: ... the man who makes war against the enemies of religion in order to support and maintain Christianity and the worship of Our Lord is engaged in a war which is righteous, holy, certain, and sure, for his earthly body will be honoured in a saintly fashion and his soul will, in a short space of time, be borne in holiness and without pain into paradise. Perhaps the most extreme way in which the knightly class sought to combine piety and the service of God with their calling as warriors was the development ot the military orders. After the First Crusade a group of nine knights approached the Patriarch of Jerusalem offering their services to protect pilgrims on the way to Jerusalem. They were successful and their numbers grew. They then approached the Church in Europe seeking its support for their endeavours. At the Council of Troyes in 1128 they accepted a variation on the monastic rule of the Cistercian monks, becoming a unique combination of monk and knight. Their success owed much to the theologian Bernard of Clairvaux, who explained their existence and role to the world in his In Prauie of New Knighthood. Members ot the Order of the Knights Templar were held up as paragons of the knightly virtue, and a lesson to the secular knights who squandered their lives and souls in sinful pride and violence. The Templars spawned a range ot military orders of similar forms including, most famously, the Order of St John (the Knights Hospitaller), who had originally formed to run the hospital of St John in Jerusalem, and the Teutonic Order. As their name suggests this Order comprised German knights. Whilst active in the Holy Land, they were also given the privileges over the conquest and possession of pagan Prussia. So successful was the Order that with their absorption of the Order of the Sword Brethren and the purchase of Estonia from Denmark they became a sovereign power in their own right. Likewise, the Hospitallers, after the fall of the Latin kingdoms, established themselves on the islands of Rhodes and then Malta. The Templars were equally successful in a different secular enterprise. Houses were established in Europe in order to collect recruits and, more importantly, revenue, which was then transferred to the front line, as it were, in the Holy Land. The administrative network necessary to achieve this became highly efficient, and secular lords began to use them to store and transfer money. Effectively the Order became an international bank, holding and loaning money to many of the major European princes. Indeed their success in this role was a major cause of their downfall. One ot CHIVALRY: THE KNIGHTLY CODE -
160 KNIGHT A royal crusader, marked with the sign of the cross. This image from the Westminster psalter, c.1250, may be intended to depict King Henry III himself. (Bridgeman Art Library) Philippe the Fair of France's motivations for getting the Order dissolved in 1307, ostensibly for acts of heresy was the fact that he could seize the Order's property and wealth within his kingdom. Although the military orders were a powerful and influential group, their importance can be overstated. The number of active fighting brothers was never very great. The Templars probably never numbered more than 2,000 knight-brothers, whilst the entire force defending the Hospitallers' island of Rhodes against Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522 was around 7,000. The army of the Teutonic Order that was defeated by the army of the Russian principality of Novgorod under Alexander Nevsky at Lake Peipus in 1242 was around 4,000 strong. In both these latter cases this number includes sergeant-brothers and secular allies, crusaders and mercenaries. BECOMING A KNIGHT The three main strands of the chivalric ethos - warrior, courtier and Christian — might, as we have seen, throw up some contradictions, but on the whole the knight was able to ignore these, adapting courtly behaviour and Christian teaching to fit with the martial ethic. The differing strands fused together, building on each other to create a mode of behaviour that was at the same time practical and violent and idealistic and spiritual. The way in which this process worked can be seen in the ritual surrounding the making of a knight. The origin of the ceremony lay within the warrior ethic, being the ancient tradition of giving the warrior his arms. This can be seen in the lord making a gift of arms to his retainer. This is reflected in the Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian heriot, the death- duty of arms, armour and mount payable to the deceased 's lord, effectively the return of weapons and armour loaned to a retainer to enable him to perform his martial
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The Warrior and World of Chivalry R
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iCS.
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First published in Great Britain in
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8 THERE CAN BE NO WARRIOR QUITE SO
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KNIGHT The lists at the Eglinton To
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12 KNIGHT THE AGE OF THE MEDIEVAL K
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14 KNIGHT CHRONOLOGY What follows i
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1202-04 The Fourth Crusade. Origina
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France. There are several key campa
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KNIGHT Opposite: The top left corne
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Given these apparent similarities i
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KNIGHT Opposite: Carolingian soldie
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26 KNIGHT the incomes to afford to
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CHAPTER ONE ARMS AND ARMOUR
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iblical subjects in contemporary cl
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terms (after all the compiler of th
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padding being used to protect the t
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which had been developing along the
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Greek Corinthian helmet. Sallets co
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stopped the wearer's head from bein
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decorating. The shield was held by
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there may be others which cannot be
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made stronger without a huge increa
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normal sharp points. Some tournamen
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hen in March of 1095 Pope Urban II
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loricati and armati, mail-clad' or
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KNIGHT The fluting on this gothic a
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skirt, the underlying mail chausses
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60 KNIGHT weapon impacts on real ar
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The knight would have different hor
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Windsor Park in 1278. In the 1322 i
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CONTRARY TO THE POPULAR IMAGE KNIGH
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KNIGHT The high pommel and cantle o
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eins. It is clear that it is intend
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KNIGHT Combat in a 13th-century Ger
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it seems clear that retinues would
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... teams of equal numbers first ru
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earlier, Wace writes that the Norma
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KNIGHT Knights awaiting the start o
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A similar device, but for mounted c
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hedgerows, barns, hills and the tow
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English knights at a disadvantage a
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imit^S^VWSEqVES'BRrrANNLVSWXAElATK
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CHAPTER THREE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE
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the raising of a royal field army t
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separate organizations drawn from s
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not that behind; presumably the sti
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With its snub nose and double chin,
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supported by Geoffrey de Brabant. T
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THE ARMY ON THE MARCH Many of the i
Page 110 and 111: with limited objectives, if any, be
Page 112 and 113: • * / h M / Images of the battle
Page 114 and 115: of wine, dozens of herds of live ca
Page 116 and 117: have seen, were self contained, wit
Page 118 and 119: made this a practical proposition.
Page 120 and 121: crusaders even threw the heads of c
Page 122 and 123: BATTLE In comparison to sieges and
Page 124 and 125: of Northallerton in 1138 the priest
Page 126 and 127: A 15th-century depiction of Agincou
Page 128 and 129: dttrnutir.'Xaefatrami r^Wuutrma era
Page 130 and 131: himself as a scholar. Similarly, th
Page 132 and 133: numerous nobles, gleaming with gold
Page 134 and 135: of his charge, the savagery and pow
Page 136 and 137: fought in 1461, showed a blade woun
Page 138 and 139: and facing a renewed attack in thei
Page 140 and 141: (as opposed to rebellion) was consi
Page 142: the survival of a number of great h
Page 145 and 146: THE MODERN USE OF THE WORD CHIVALRY
Page 147 and 148: shame, striving with the skill of y
Page 149 and 150: KNIGHT The Song of Roland is the ea
Page 151 and 152: KNIGHT Roger Mortimer, one of the f
Page 153 and 154: hen the theologians Augustine of Hi
Page 155 and 156: Hastings a set of penances was impo
Page 157 and 158: KNIGHT In a treaty on virtue and vi
Page 159: exposing his body to execute and ac
Page 164 and 165: 'WMItwm^.i CHIVALRY: THE KNIGHTLY C
Page 166 and 167: Indeed similar conversations were p
Page 168 and 169: marriage, such quarterings could be
Page 170 and 171: These were not individual symbols i
Page 172 and 173: Ulrich von Lichtenstein, depicted i
Page 174 and 175: were believed to be culturally infe
Page 176 and 177: eturned. In 1139, during the war be
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Page 181 and 182: THE KNIGHT WAS DEFINED BY HIS MARTI
Page 183 and 184: 182 KNIGHT The seal of Henry II of
Page 185 and 186: squire was closer to the knight tha
Page 187 and 188: KNIGHT The royal court was a curiou
Page 189 and 190: ill-educated and uncultured individ
Page 191 and 192: 0younger son of a minor nobleman wh
Page 193 and 194: KNIGHT Devotional works were not al
Page 195 and 196: KNIGHT Games like chess and backgam
Page 197 and 198: the tips of their toes where the bo
Page 199 and 200: he Black Prince's reputation as a c
Page 201 and 202: KNIGHT The secular orders each had
Page 204 and 205: BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
Page 206: BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
Page 209 and 210: would become over-tired. The quarry
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CHAPTER SIX THE DEATH OF KNIGHTHOOD
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men had been adopting them without
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KNIGHT By the time the Landsknecht
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e struggles between the Italian cit
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only for the tournament and pageant
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JtoimP^
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224 aketon arret de la cuiradde ave
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226 KNIGHT pell poleyn quintain rer
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228 KNIGHT The Rule of the Templars
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Liddiard, R. (ed.), Anglo-Norman Ca
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Cuhna, E. and Silva, Ana Maria, 'Wa
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Sherborne, J. W., 'Indentured retin
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KNIGHT champions 82 Chandos, Sir Jo
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KNIGHT Knights Templar, Order of 13
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KNIGHT sumptuary law (1363) 183-4,
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Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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