Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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the raising of a royal field army to oppose Henry did take some time. Even after the lords had raised their retinues there was some delay in bringing the army together, primarily because the French commanders were unsure as to Henry's route of march and they waited to be certarn of rt before deciding on a route to cut him off. Unsurprisingly, Henry's own army took longer to raise, as all of the supplies and logistical support had to be arranged as well. Even so the indentures instructing lords on what retinues they were to bring were signed in late April and the army sailed for the continent in late July. The organization of Edward Ill's Crecy campaign in 1346 took a similar length of time. Invariably, the knightly contingents of medieval armies were formed out of the conroid, coiutabula.ru or lances described in the previous chapter, the tactical building blocks that made up the retinues of the noble and royal households. The larger of these would themselves be made up of smaller households, thefamiLiae of lesser nobles and bannerets. These retinues were then combined into a number of formations, commonly called 'battles' but in the sources also referred to as acies (literally 'wing': a classical Latin organization), or 'divisions' or 'wards'. The norm was for there to be three: the vanguard or fore-ward, main ward and rearguard or rear-ward, the names reflecting their position in the line of march. On the field the vanguard normally formed the right and the rear guard the left of the line. However, since these divisions f ormed the manoeuvre units of medieval armies, the actual number and ordering of the battles varied according to the strategic and tactical situation. Similarly, the way in which the retinues were divided up depended upon the nature of the army and of the campaign it intended to pursue. In armies with retinues drawn from different regions or nationalities, then the obvious way was to structure the battles around those identities. At Hastings William's force took the field with the Breton and French knights in battles on either flank, whilst the Normans formed a third division in the centre. In similar fashion, the French army at Courtrai in 1302 was divided into ten divisions based upon the region of France from which they came. The commander of the army, the Count of Artois, drew these together into three battles once they reached the field and he had seen the deployment of the Flemish defenders. Crusading armies, unsurprisingly given their multi-national nature, also formed up like this, forming along regional and national lines with the military orders forming their own divisions. In the Third Crusade each group was identified by crosses of a different colour, red for French, white for English and green for Flemish: a practice that was to spill over into the wars in Europe. The division of the English army for the Crecy campaign reveals a different structuring. The fore-ward was made up of a few large retinues, that of the young Prince of Wales (who was nominally in command), the experienced earls of CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE •*}*• 97
•*FR KNIGHT King David of Scotland at battle of Neville's Cross, 1346. Although by no means an accurate depiction of the engagement, it does give a sense of the chaos of battle. (The Art Archive) 98 Northampton and Warwick who held the rank of constable and marshal respectively, and the prince's tutor Sir Bartholemew Burghesh. The rearguard had a similar make up, of five retinues — those of the Bishop of Durham, the Earl of Arundel, the Earl ol Suffolk, the Earl of Huntingdon and the banneret Hugh Despenser. The main guard came under the king's command and was made up of bannerets from the royal household and their retinues along with some foreign contingents and smaller retinues independent of any lord or earl. It seems clear that this decision was based upon a practical reckoning of the size of retinues, which could not be split, and the quality and the experience of the commanders, in particular the men supporting the 16-year-old Black Prince in his first command. One of the key differences in the armies raised by England after the middle of the 14th century is that archers and men-at-arms were raised as mixed retinues. In other European armies, and in English armies before this period, the former were raised as
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The Warrior and World of Chivalry R
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iCS.
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First published in Great Britain in
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8 THERE CAN BE NO WARRIOR QUITE SO
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KNIGHT The lists at the Eglinton To
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12 KNIGHT THE AGE OF THE MEDIEVAL K
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14 KNIGHT CHRONOLOGY What follows i
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1202-04 The Fourth Crusade. Origina
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France. There are several key campa
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KNIGHT Opposite: The top left corne
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Given these apparent similarities i
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KNIGHT Opposite: Carolingian soldie
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26 KNIGHT the incomes to afford to
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CHAPTER ONE ARMS AND ARMOUR
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iblical subjects in contemporary cl
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terms (after all the compiler of th
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padding being used to protect the t
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which had been developing along the
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Greek Corinthian helmet. Sallets co
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stopped the wearer's head from bein
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decorating. The shield was held by
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there may be others which cannot be
Page 48: made stronger without a huge increa
Page 51 and 52: normal sharp points. Some tournamen
Page 53 and 54: hen in March of 1095 Pope Urban II
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Page 57 and 58: KNIGHT The fluting on this gothic a
Page 59 and 60: skirt, the underlying mail chausses
Page 61 and 62: 60 KNIGHT weapon impacts on real ar
Page 63 and 64: The knight would have different hor
Page 66: Windsor Park in 1278. In the 1322 i
Page 69 and 70: CONTRARY TO THE POPULAR IMAGE KNIGH
Page 71 and 72: KNIGHT The high pommel and cantle o
Page 73 and 74: eins. It is clear that it is intend
Page 75 and 76: KNIGHT Combat in a 13th-century Ger
Page 77 and 78: it seems clear that retinues would
Page 79 and 80: ... teams of equal numbers first ru
Page 81 and 82: earlier, Wace writes that the Norma
Page 83 and 84: KNIGHT Knights awaiting the start o
Page 86 and 87: A similar device, but for mounted c
Page 88 and 89: hedgerows, barns, hills and the tow
Page 90 and 91: English knights at a disadvantage a
Page 92: imit^S^VWSEqVES'BRrrANNLVSWXAElATK
Page 96 and 97: CHAPTER THREE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE
Page 100 and 101: separate organizations drawn from s
Page 102 and 103: not that behind; presumably the sti
Page 104 and 105: With its snub nose and double chin,
Page 106 and 107: supported by Geoffrey de Brabant. T
Page 108 and 109: THE ARMY ON THE MARCH Many of the i
Page 110 and 111: with limited objectives, if any, be
Page 112 and 113: • * / h M / Images of the battle
Page 114 and 115: of wine, dozens of herds of live ca
Page 116 and 117: have seen, were self contained, wit
Page 118 and 119: made this a practical proposition.
Page 120 and 121: crusaders even threw the heads of c
Page 122 and 123: BATTLE In comparison to sieges and
Page 124 and 125: of Northallerton in 1138 the priest
Page 126 and 127: A 15th-century depiction of Agincou
Page 128 and 129: dttrnutir.'Xaefatrami r^Wuutrma era
Page 130 and 131: himself as a scholar. Similarly, th
Page 132 and 133: numerous nobles, gleaming with gold
Page 134 and 135: of his charge, the savagery and pow
Page 136 and 137: fought in 1461, showed a blade woun
Page 138 and 139: and facing a renewed attack in thei
Page 140 and 141: (as opposed to rebellion) was consi
Page 142: the survival of a number of great h
Page 145 and 146: THE MODERN USE OF THE WORD CHIVALRY
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KNIGHT The Song of Roland is the ea
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KNIGHT Roger Mortimer, one of the f
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hen the theologians Augustine of Hi
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Hastings a set of penances was impo
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KNIGHT In a treaty on virtue and vi
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exposing his body to execute and ac
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160 KNIGHT A royal crusader, marked
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'WMItwm^.i CHIVALRY: THE KNIGHTLY C
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Indeed similar conversations were p
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marriage, such quarterings could be
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These were not individual symbols i
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Ulrich von Lichtenstein, depicted i
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were believed to be culturally infe
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eturned. In 1139, during the war be
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from sacking the town for much the
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THE KNIGHT WAS DEFINED BY HIS MARTI
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182 KNIGHT The seal of Henry II of
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squire was closer to the knight tha
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KNIGHT The royal court was a curiou
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ill-educated and uncultured individ
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0younger son of a minor nobleman wh
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KNIGHT Devotional works were not al
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KNIGHT Games like chess and backgam
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the tips of their toes where the bo
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he Black Prince's reputation as a c
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KNIGHT The secular orders each had
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BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
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BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
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would become over-tired. The quarry
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CHAPTER SIX THE DEATH OF KNIGHTHOOD
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men had been adopting them without
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KNIGHT By the time the Landsknecht
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e struggles between the Italian cit
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only for the tournament and pageant
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JtoimP^
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224 aketon arret de la cuiradde ave
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226 KNIGHT pell poleyn quintain rer
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228 KNIGHT The Rule of the Templars
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Liddiard, R. (ed.), Anglo-Norman Ca
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Cuhna, E. and Silva, Ana Maria, 'Wa
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Sherborne, J. W., 'Indentured retin
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KNIGHT champions 82 Chandos, Sir Jo
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KNIGHT Knights Templar, Order of 13
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KNIGHT sumptuary law (1363) 183-4,
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Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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