Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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Given these apparent similarities it should not be surprising that scholars have generally chosen to translate the term 'equestrian' as 'knight'. One should not stretch the comparison too far, however. In spite of the similarities between them the equestrian class of Rome was not the same as the medieval knightly class, nor was the one to evolve into the other. The armies of Rome through to the sixth century comprised standing forces of more or less professional, paid soldiery. The equestrian class was a small part of these forces, providing the officer cadre. By comparison, the armies of the high middle ages (the period in which our knights become dominant) were not permanent organizations nor were the warriors full-time, paid soldiers. Furthermore, the knight was a significant part, both in numbers and importance, of those armies. There is, then, a discontinuity between the military of the Roman period and that of the middle ages. In order to find the origins of our medieval knight we must look to the development of the post-Roman barbarian' kingdoms. Through the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries it became increasingly difficult to recruit troops for the Roman army, especially following its expansion under the rule of the Tetrarchy, when power was shared (uneasily) between two 'emperors' and two Caesars'. Increasing numbers of citizens acquired exemption from military service and the shortfall was made up by recruiting barbarian peoples from beyond the frontiers: individuals, war bands, even whole tribes. The army became divorced from the civilian government and population, subject to its own laws and the jurisdiction of its commanders. It sought to differentiate itself from the population of the region in which it was stationed by taking on the cultural identity of the barbarian troops who had been recruited for it. As the western empire fell apart, these 'barbarized' units became the basis of new regional identities and their commanders, the majority of whom were of barbarian origins, became kings of peoples and settled their followers in the territories they governed. Military service and barbarian ethnicity became synonymous; to be (for the sake of example) Frankish was to be a warrior, and conversely to be a warrior was to be Frankish (or Lombard, Goth, Vandal and so on). 'Barbarians' fought, 'Romans' paid taxes. This ethnicity and martial status became hereditaiy, with the sons of Franks or Goths being themselves considered Franks or Goths and inheriting the status, land, martial obligations and privileges of their fathers. During the seventh and eighth centuries the ethnic, 'barbarian' identities that had differentiated between the warrior and civilian populations were adopted by free men, the landholding class, who thereby gained the exemptions from taxation and the legal and political privileges but also the liability for military service that went with barbarian ethnicity. Those free men who did not re-brand themselves in this way lost their freedom and became dependants of the barbarian' elite. As a result the social
Page 1 and 2: The Warrior and World of Chivalry R
Page 3 and 4: iCS.
Page 5 and 6: First published in Great Britain in
Page 9 and 10: 8 THERE CAN BE NO WARRIOR QUITE SO
Page 11 and 12: KNIGHT The lists at the Eglinton To
Page 13 and 14: 12 KNIGHT THE AGE OF THE MEDIEVAL K
Page 15 and 16: 14 KNIGHT CHRONOLOGY What follows i
Page 17 and 18: 1202-04 The Fourth Crusade. Origina
Page 19 and 20: France. There are several key campa
Page 21: KNIGHT Opposite: The top left corne
Page 25 and 26: KNIGHT Opposite: Carolingian soldie
Page 27 and 28: 26 KNIGHT the incomes to afford to
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE ARMS AND ARMOUR
Page 32 and 33: iblical subjects in contemporary cl
Page 34 and 35: terms (after all the compiler of th
Page 36 and 37: padding being used to protect the t
Page 38 and 39: which had been developing along the
Page 40 and 41: Greek Corinthian helmet. Sallets co
Page 42 and 43: stopped the wearer's head from bein
Page 44 and 45: decorating. The shield was held by
Page 46 and 47: there may be others which cannot be
Page 48: made stronger without a huge increa
Page 51 and 52: normal sharp points. Some tournamen
Page 53 and 54: hen in March of 1095 Pope Urban II
Page 55 and 56: loricati and armati, mail-clad' or
Page 57 and 58: KNIGHT The fluting on this gothic a
Page 59 and 60: skirt, the underlying mail chausses
Page 61 and 62: 60 KNIGHT weapon impacts on real ar
Page 63 and 64: The knight would have different hor
Page 66: Windsor Park in 1278. In the 1322 i
Page 69 and 70: CONTRARY TO THE POPULAR IMAGE KNIGH
Page 71 and 72: KNIGHT The high pommel and cantle o
Page 73 and 74:
eins. It is clear that it is intend
Page 75 and 76:
KNIGHT Combat in a 13th-century Ger
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it seems clear that retinues would
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... teams of equal numbers first ru
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earlier, Wace writes that the Norma
Page 83 and 84:
KNIGHT Knights awaiting the start o
Page 86 and 87:
A similar device, but for mounted c
Page 88 and 89:
hedgerows, barns, hills and the tow
Page 90 and 91:
English knights at a disadvantage a
Page 92:
imit^S^VWSEqVES'BRrrANNLVSWXAElATK
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER THREE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE
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the raising of a royal field army t
Page 100 and 101:
separate organizations drawn from s
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not that behind; presumably the sti
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With its snub nose and double chin,
Page 106 and 107:
supported by Geoffrey de Brabant. T
Page 108 and 109:
THE ARMY ON THE MARCH Many of the i
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with limited objectives, if any, be
Page 112 and 113:
• * / h M / Images of the battle
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of wine, dozens of herds of live ca
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have seen, were self contained, wit
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made this a practical proposition.
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crusaders even threw the heads of c
Page 122 and 123:
BATTLE In comparison to sieges and
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of Northallerton in 1138 the priest
Page 126 and 127:
A 15th-century depiction of Agincou
Page 128 and 129:
dttrnutir.'Xaefatrami r^Wuutrma era
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himself as a scholar. Similarly, th
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numerous nobles, gleaming with gold
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of his charge, the savagery and pow
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fought in 1461, showed a blade woun
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and facing a renewed attack in thei
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(as opposed to rebellion) was consi
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the survival of a number of great h
Page 145 and 146:
THE MODERN USE OF THE WORD CHIVALRY
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shame, striving with the skill of y
Page 149 and 150:
KNIGHT The Song of Roland is the ea
Page 151 and 152:
KNIGHT Roger Mortimer, one of the f
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hen the theologians Augustine of Hi
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Hastings a set of penances was impo
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KNIGHT In a treaty on virtue and vi
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exposing his body to execute and ac
Page 161 and 162:
160 KNIGHT A royal crusader, marked
Page 164 and 165:
'WMItwm^.i CHIVALRY: THE KNIGHTLY C
Page 166 and 167:
Indeed similar conversations were p
Page 168 and 169:
marriage, such quarterings could be
Page 170 and 171:
These were not individual symbols i
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Ulrich von Lichtenstein, depicted i
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were believed to be culturally infe
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eturned. In 1139, during the war be
Page 178:
from sacking the town for much the
Page 181 and 182:
THE KNIGHT WAS DEFINED BY HIS MARTI
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182 KNIGHT The seal of Henry II of
Page 185 and 186:
squire was closer to the knight tha
Page 187 and 188:
KNIGHT The royal court was a curiou
Page 189 and 190:
ill-educated and uncultured individ
Page 191 and 192:
0younger son of a minor nobleman wh
Page 193 and 194:
KNIGHT Devotional works were not al
Page 195 and 196:
KNIGHT Games like chess and backgam
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the tips of their toes where the bo
Page 199 and 200:
he Black Prince's reputation as a c
Page 201 and 202:
KNIGHT The secular orders each had
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BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
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BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD: THE KNIGHT
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would become over-tired. The quarry
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CHAPTER SIX THE DEATH OF KNIGHTHOOD
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men had been adopting them without
Page 217 and 218:
KNIGHT By the time the Landsknecht
Page 219 and 220:
e struggles between the Italian cit
Page 221 and 222:
only for the tournament and pageant
Page 223 and 224:
JtoimP^
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224 aketon arret de la cuiradde ave
Page 227 and 228:
226 KNIGHT pell poleyn quintain rer
Page 229 and 230:
228 KNIGHT The Rule of the Templars
Page 231 and 232:
Liddiard, R. (ed.), Anglo-Norman Ca
Page 233 and 234:
Cuhna, E. and Silva, Ana Maria, 'Wa
Page 235 and 236:
Sherborne, J. W., 'Indentured retin
Page 237 and 238:
KNIGHT champions 82 Chandos, Sir Jo
Page 239 and 240:
KNIGHT Knights Templar, Order of 13
Page 241 and 242:
KNIGHT sumptuary law (1363) 183-4,
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Osprey - General Military - Knight - The Warrior and ... - Brego-weard

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