Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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This aspect of the study focuses on the aspect of meaning as representation, that is, “it centers on the clause in its ideational function and its role as a means of representing patterns of experience” (see Halliday 1985; Eggins 1994). Transitivity, which is grammatical and structural expresses the reflective, experiential aspect of meaning and which states the various kinds of processes that are recognized in a language, is also perceived at level of the clause. The meaning of the utterance is revealed through the real world as coded by linguistic structures are portrayed with the notion of transitivity. The transitivity structure with the experiential meaning of the thirty sentences above demonstrates that the relational processes of attribution or identification are predominantly employed by the speaker in the discourse. This means that the writer gives the attribute of; or identifies the participants in the discourse. On some occasions, the material process of action is employed by the speaker to reveal the act that is carried out with the actor and the goal of the action. The implication of this is that the writer often presents the discourse as phenomena that are observed or identified by the speaker. The activity going on in the discourse is a review of the various ways leaders in Africa and other parts of the world have exhibited power in the past. The participants in the discourse are the writer and the reader. The speaker uses nominalisation to present the subjects in the discourse. Here, the relationship between the speaker and the listener is that of inclusion. The speaker identifies “something” which the listener as a co-participant might not have observed. The speaker thus uses relational processes in portraying the message. Language in this discourse is used as an instrument of dialogic communication to give information to the reader. The interaction is predominantly in form of assertions given as propositions with statements. The speaker makes assertions about the forms of power that are exhibited in various societies in Africa by rulers. Fairclough (2001) explains that the exercise of power in modern society is increasingly achieved through the ideological workings of language. Hence, the task of this study centers on extricating the ideologies presented in the discourse through language. For a successful attempt of critical discourse analysis, Fairclough (2001) suggests that one needs to consider the description of the text; interpret the relationship between the text and the interaction; and explain the relationship between interaction and social context. Thus, the discourse of masculinity and power in the text centers on the power relation of the ruled (the citizens of a country) and the rulers. There exists the struggle between the ruled and the ruled. The text exhibits a dual level of power. There is the relation of power between the actors and agents on one hand; and the relation of power between the speaker and the listener (reader) on the other hand. The later exhibits power by consent rather than power by coercion as demonstrated by the first relation. The societal struggle for power by leaders (rulers) is demonstrated in the discourse at the level of vocabulary. Here, attention is given to some sociolinguistic features that are used in the text as an attempt at identifying the contextual meanings of expressions. Hence, a lexico-semantic investigation of the text is presented thus: Reiteration: This refers to the repetition of lexical items, use of synonym, near-synonym or a super ordinate term. Examples of words reiterated in the text include: fear, power, democracy, humiliation, rhetorical hysteria, fanaticism, etc. The words are reiterated also as near synonyms such as: Fear: Fear of a nuclear holocaust, fear of reprisals, fear of Libya, fear of loss of identity, fear of humiliation, fear of ejection. Power: Invisible power, overt power, formal power, etc. Democratic: Democratic choice, democratic process, democratic advance, democratic ventures, democratic walk, etc. Bomb: Time bomb, suicide bomb, atom bomb, etc 285
Dignity: Human dignity, pursuit of dignity, epitome of dignity, essence of dignity, diet of dignity, collective dignity etc. Human: Human rights, human survival, human existence, human virtues, etc. Mantra: Mantra of Weapon of Mass Destruction, mantra of piety, mantra of beautiful change of faith etc. Super ordinate Terms: Co-Hyponyms Human virtues: Integrity, love, tenderness, graciousness, generosity. Architects of necropolis: Pol Pot, Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin Countries: Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina, Panama, Iran, South Africa, Hungary, Albania, East Germany, Bulgaria, Nigeria, Algeria, Afghanistan. Religions: Christianity, Islam, Orisa. Infidels: Unbeliever, Kafri Dictators: Mariam Mengistru (Ethiopia), Pinochet (Chile), Miloseviz (Yugoslavia) General Sanni Abacha (Nigeria) Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe), Hitler, Pol Pot, Idi-Amin, Sergeant Doe. Super ordinate items such as above operate anaphorically as forms of synonyms, while the hyponyms give entailment of the members of the group as a form of expansion that enhances reader’s understanding of the concepts through the relation of inclusion. Collocation: This refers to lexical items that regularly co-occur. Words that prominently collocate in the text include: Fear Level of fear, diet of fear; climate of fear, constituency of fear, symptoms of fear, conditioning of fear, emotion of fear, kind of fear, bars of fear, power of fear, season of fear, expression of fear, inculcation of fear, virus of fear, era of fear, etc. Power Contention of power, arrogant of power, statement power, exercise of power, triumph of power, apprehension of power, essence of power, quotient of power, exercise of power, thrill of power, laboratory of power, nurturers of power, lust for power, nature of power, sense of power, pursuit of power, crutch of power, consolidation of power, explication of power, expression of power, etc. The collocation of words as shown above, portrays the various ways the words have been used in the text. It shows the extended meanings that the lexical items could possess. It is used to reinforce the reader’s imagination and create vivid picture of the situation. Thereby enhancing understanding of the lexical items. Antonyms Some few instances of antonyms as found in the text are: Fear - dignity Democracy - force Monologue - dialogue Life - death Freedom - domination Humiliation - self-esteem 286
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2 nd Lagos, Nigeria A C D E C o n f
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Prof. Babatunde Ipaye (Chair, Plann
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Page Foreword i Contents ii - xi CO
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Increasing Teacher Quantity and Qua
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Role of Open / Distance Learning in
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Facilitating the Learning of Wildli
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Ibadan Open Digital Village (IODIV)
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THINKING OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING
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inaugurating at the time from exter
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country would be changed for good a
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Introduction 7 ELEARNING ON THE FAR
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There is a major omission in that d
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There are now close to a hundred of
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2008. We have already done face to
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affordable by students, parents, go
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their communities with no vocationa
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operating grants. A similarly sized
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• Innovation: In North America un
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mercantile investment tools exploit
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THE CHALLENGE OF THE MILLENNIUM DEV
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Quite clearly ODL practices have a
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Distance learning methods can be us
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We should not forget the strength o
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Introduction It is indeed a great p
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estructuring efforts will be geared
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37 Table 4: Internet Penetration in
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Given that ODL is a relatively new
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globalised and competitive world, h
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43 • The sharing of experiences t
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References Arbo, P., & Benneworth,
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Well functioning teacher education
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49 • The possibility of achieving
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51 • Education or professional st
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getting teacher-students to engage
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Thus, if the intention is to prepar
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over 3 three years Trained 1,200 Te
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Purpose-driven programme design inf
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We would argue the need for site-ba
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63 • How will we know whether we
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Robinson, B. & Latchem, C. Eds. (20
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pattern emerging, they need to anal
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Language and National Development N
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These programmes exist in many univ
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Survey Research; Introspection and
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The point made here is that univers
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77 access to French, the language o
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vehicular cross border languages or
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References Bamgbose, A. (1991). Lan
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83 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM INT
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85 • Romania - National Centre fo
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87 Consumption and Production Patte
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the structure to coordinate nationa
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conservation in protected areas and
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mind the colonial and historical le
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involved in the evaluation of cours
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staff and students to information a
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otherwise open and distance learnin
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We agree with Okolie (2003) that th
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means of education to become member
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REFERENCES Adekanmbi, G. (2000). A
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Gravett, S. (2004). Teaching and le
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109 SUB THEME I OPEN & DISTANCE LEA
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Definition of Social Emotional Lear
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1988). The learners in developmenta
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Table 1 Proportional Sampling of Pr
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Confidence 752 4.11 0.91 Independen
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References Association for Childhoo
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QUALITY ASSURANCE IN OPEN AND DISTA
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Concept of Quality Assurance Qualit
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The vision of the National Open Uni
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(e) To provide forum where individu
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AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
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e mo v e d in s p a c e a n d /o r
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T h e o r e t ica l Framework T h e
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h a v e th e larg e s t n u mb e r
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T a b l e 2 : C o mparison o f A d
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I t e m S /N f r o m r e s u l ts i
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141 p o p u l a t io n a d e q u a
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I t e m S /N S p e c if ic a lly, r
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D iscussio n F i v e r e s e a r c
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R e f e r e n c e s A ya d i, Fe l
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traders, unqualified medical worker
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Table 1: Mean, Standard Deviation a
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From table 2 above, it is observed
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ape, drug abuse and in unhealthy se
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Introduction Education has become o
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The Early Childhood Education progr
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In a bid to deliver quality educati
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(a) Self-assessment: These are assi
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OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AN
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Most of the ODL programmes at the U
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Director but the basic admission le
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THE USE OF AN ONLINE LEARNING SYSTE
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online education, also called dista
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Program Knowledge Performance Learn
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DEED618: College Teaching (CRN# 301
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Dreamweaver, etc. Providing additio
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Table 2 - Ten Largest Distance-lear
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USA Today, April 33, 2008: 6D. Wrig
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systems such as water, and land and
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Teachers face a widening range of d
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189 ii. gender: It is difficult to
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191 Robinson, B. and Colin, L. (200
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University of United Kingdom (OUUK)
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to lack of potential for sustainabi
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elements are: leadership, governmen
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Education for Sustainability Sustai
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The National Teachers’ Institute,
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- The Federal Government directive
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References: Adeagbo, Sen (2004). Co
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Introduction Distance learning is a
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This undeniable huge number of illi
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210 At the level of M.A Urdu in th
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Siddique, H.M. (2004). Distance Lea
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Annexure-3:Table 3 Gender Wise, Lev
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Annexure -8:Table 8 Gender Wise, Le
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9 Education Teacher Pakistan educat
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INCREASING TEACHER QUANTITY AND QUA
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teacher ratios very high (for insta
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Teacher Education in Kenya and Expe
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Postgraduate Diploma in Education (
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228 AN APPRAISAL OF ODL MODEL FOR P
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I n d i s c u s s in g th e po t e
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P u r p o s e of th e s t u d y T h
Page 249 and 250: D a t a a n a l y s i s B o th q u
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Page 253 and 254: T a b l e 5 R a t i n g o f a d e q
Page 255 and 256: l e c t u r e s r e gu l a r l y an
Page 257 and 258: Figure 1 Summary of panel’s repor
Page 259 and 260: 244 a d e q u a t e f e e d b a c k
Page 261 and 262: G a b r ie l , A . ( 20 0 0 ) . E -
Page 263 and 264: Introduction In the recent past, th
Page 265 and 266: compromise the time and attention t
Page 267 and 268: The students reported that they had
Page 269 and 270: TRAINING OF DEVELOPERS OF DISTANCE
Page 271 and 272: putting in place the SOLACE. Indeed
Page 273 and 274: Although according to data in the r
Page 275 and 276: clear policy which addresses a vari
Page 277 and 278: Republic of Kenya. (1998). Master P
Page 279 and 280: system, namely making learning flex
Page 281 and 282: Type 1 Literacy development interve
Page 283 and 284: 268 the Adult Literacy Classroom. A
Page 285 and 286: AGRICULTURE AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVE
Page 287 and 288: Developing a global partnership for
Page 289 and 290: farmer in the Hambantota region saw
Page 291 and 292: 276 RECONSTRUCTING MASCULINITY AND
Page 293 and 294: power. Power then becomes a weapon
Page 295 and 296: annunciated by the superpowers. P.
Page 297 and 298: 24. I refer to potentially inhibito
Page 299: means that the propositions employe
Page 303 and 304: sound philosophical foundation to i
Page 305 and 306: 290 INNOVATIVE METHOD OF HIV/AIDS E
Page 307 and 308: To be certain, the treatment situat
Page 309 and 310: The course: Management and Care of
Page 311 and 312: Aderinoye, R. and Ojokheta, K. (200
Page 313 and 314: This paper explores how the curricu
Page 315 and 316: 300 indirectly by serving as guides
Page 317 and 318: 302 iv. Rehabilitation and empowerm
Page 319 and 320: FROM EMPOWERMENT TO TRANSFORMATION:
Page 321 and 322: conception of power according to Pa
Page 323 and 324: in education. Plagiarising the work
Page 325 and 326: In Osiki (2007b), it was opined tha
Page 327 and 328: and caprices of any “military gen
Page 329 and 330: Osiki, J.O. (2007 b). Empowering Di
Page 331 and 332: INCORPORATING RELATIONSHIP MARKETIN
Page 333 and 334: strategic planning, work process, t
Page 335 and 336: Position Held Frequency Percent Cle
Page 337 and 338: Most of the customer care given to
Page 339 and 340: Bbuye, J. (2005) “Distance Educat
Page 341 and 342: INCREASING NUMBER OF OLDER PERSONS
Page 343 and 344: of ageing (Omotayo, 2006: 105-107).
Page 345 and 346: Second Semester 017Theory of Ageing
Page 347 and 348: OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: SUCCESS
Page 349 and 350: opportunities. This is in keeping w
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External problems Energy related pr
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References Adebayo, A. M. (2007a).
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Conceptual issues Open and Ffexible
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Table 1. Applications and admission
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from the epidemic to share their ex
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Jegede, O.J. (2003). Taking the dis
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The foreign learning and teaching s
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The song accompaniment for GST 101
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McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding t
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Introduction Open and Distance Lear
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It includes all the activities aime
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358 contact, less formal methods ar
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360 Training Objective Even though
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1. Technical competency 362 Technic
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2. Training logistics 364 The curri
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Rao, M.K. (1999). A Critical Analys
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vulgarisation agricole et d’ensei
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Open Learning system has emerged as
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For the physically challenged child
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Introduction/historical background
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Academic Manpower in NOUN The Natio
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THE ROLE OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSIT
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New venture creation and developmen
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Education is the most important ins
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Mode of Course Delivery Full time a
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Significantly, standards and benchm
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Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K.
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Introduction The success of every n
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S/N 1 Significance Generally, the m
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and infant mortality. 17 ODL method
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needed information. Assessment acco
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Abstract 398 ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTA
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Studies show that, it is as effecti
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The programme was introduced to tak
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This method allows learners to plan
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demand for providing quality teache
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Convenience with Family and other S
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(49.0%) agreed and 153 (51.0%) disa
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Hypothesis 2 Occupational status of
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Recommendations Open and distance l
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National Teachers’ Institute. (20
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418 Can human beings live long? Can
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17 - 19). Hence, the number of wome
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Ohaegbulem, M. O. (2007). Awareness
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Introduction The population growth
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However, the ubiquity of ICTs today
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428 • Religion Various religious
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Conclusion 430 o Promoting synergis
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Abstract 432 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND
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Data collection We conducted in-dep
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ecause she spent most of the time a
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financially well off and he preferr
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References Chaudry, P. (1995) Women
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University of Nigeria en vue de met
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36 Zamfara 1,630,344 1,629,502 3,25
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446 Total Population of Female in N
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Table1.3 Total number of admitted s
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ODL if the government can put in pl
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452 SUB THEME III CAPACITY BUILDING
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Course Structure of DPE Programme T
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Regarding counselling sessions not
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BLOGGING AT UNIVERSITY AS A CASE ST
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in the past 12 months (i.e., up to
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The purpose of the blog should be m
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Tables 3 and 4 show samples of blog
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Staff are presumably well grounded
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Appendix I - Modelling for a pedago
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that bear on its ability to satisfy
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quality control and accrediting age
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Further, the characteristics of sof
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Duncan, W. J. (1978). Organizationa
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The Policy of the National Open Uni
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those measures is arguable 6 . But
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Much of the official attitude (legi
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fit to live a law abiding life upon
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educational or vocational training
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OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AS STR
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imprisoned along with convicted cri
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References Heather Menzies Venettee
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Mots clés: développement de resou
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Results and Findings The National O
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The respondents thus identified tha
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systematic programme of continuous
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Introduction Training as related to
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There is therefore the need to prep
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• the time lag between learning s
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508 SUB THEME IV Quality Assurance
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Project Goal The goal of the projec
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512 students who cannot afford coll
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514 Table 2 Notional Budget Item Am
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Introduction Course materials are v
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content and construct validity; and
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Table 4 Percentage of learners’ r
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Discussion Research Question 1 Are
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Findings The following were the fin
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CHALLENGES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN
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materials (printed texts, video, au
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Introduction In order to create an
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COUNSELLING AS A COMMUNICATION STRA
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In Open and Distance Education, the
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As earlier mentioned, effort is bei
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Conclusion In this paper, the write
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Introduction Open and distance educ
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542 5. There is openness with regar
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etrieval and dissemination of infor
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546 teaching. It is a well designed
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References Akpan. C.P. & Esirah, E.
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FACILITATING THE LEARNING OF WILDLI
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‘graduate attributes’. However
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The subject is broken into three mo
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Assessment of Forum Participation T
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An additional tool is that of chat
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Gilmer, P. (1999). Developing a dis
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Introduction 562 PERSONNEL MANAGEME
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564 • The Managers co-ordinate th
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566 • They produce comprehensive,
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568 (i) Administrators: Administrat
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570 (v) Universities in Canada and
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References 572 (iv) Finally, it is
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professional development, the need
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576 o Portfolios: collection of lea
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we need is to train our people on t
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Introduction Distance Education is
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Methodology The research design was
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disagreed. Those who disagreed said
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There is no system of tracking and
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Venkaiah, V. (1995). Quality Assura
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calculated before the completion of
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commitment to completion; previous
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5. Did you withdraw because of prob
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596 • All staff of the university
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Introduction 598 STRENGTHENING AFRI
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Human resources development A key e
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Project co-ordination meetings Proj
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Open and Distance education as prac
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606 2 The unique position of the st
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OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUCATION: A STRA
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Using Nigeria as an example to show
Page 627 and 628:
Definition of Terms Open Learning:
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(Juma, 2003). Examples of these are
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Financing Education worldwide is fu
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THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVE
Page 635 and 636:
NOUN’s Vision and Mission Specifi
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Academic support services 622 Acade
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With enhanced quality education, th
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626 SUB THEME V COLLABORATION AND P
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Technologies de l’Information et
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Collaboration The importance attach
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- Self Assessment Exercises (SAEs)
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BEYOND BRICKS, MORTAR AND UNIVERSIT
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inability for many students to comp
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The small post-secondary sector is
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Gaining entry to a university often
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642 • Intranet or Local area netw
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Aigbokhan, B; Imahe, O.J. & Ailemen
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Abstract 646 ENHANCE COHESIVE STREN
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school running is fully displayed i
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week to receive individual tutorial
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International research is a process
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The technical assistance activity w
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different research fields, help pro
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seulement à l’aide de CD ROMs, m
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Abstract OPPORTUNITIES FOR KNOWLEDG
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offered only in public universities
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20. Teofilo Kisanji University (TEK
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References Chabaan, M.A. (1996). En
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training, certificate education and
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Conclusion In the course of providi
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672 EDUCATION, ICT AND THE USE OF M
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In 1998 researchers at the Massachu
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• Confidence could be built among
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Introduction Elearning has the pote
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Internet Usage Statistics: 450,000
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The implementation of the e-learnin
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Communication technologies used in
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Acknowledgement I am grateful to my
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The pillars are; education, governa
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The project started up in Ghana and
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INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING: AN EXPER
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Reminder messages were sent 3 days
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elsewhere, designing text messages
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INTERNET VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS IN DEVE
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The challenges of IVC deployment in
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702 M-LEARNING: AN EMERGING TREND I
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Short Message service (S.M.S) - ava
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With the system problems as: - Qual
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THE CONCEPT OF “LEARNING- FIELDS
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Above all, such learning has to imp
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As mentioned earlier above, the tea
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Considering the contents of learnin
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Figure 3 An exemplary learning fiel
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when the situation calls for them.
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Abstract 720 TECHNOLOGICAL AND PEDA
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een produced that can effectively r
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Determining levels of granularity W
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Once each core element of the class
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Figure 8 - Design Challenge: Ensuri
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TEACHING TECHNICAL COURSES THROUGH
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Academic Sessions (A) It is worthy
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This percentage of the left-over is
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E-education, in the personalised we
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According to (Michael 2002, 1993-20
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740 teaching. (Eric Document Reprod
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Introduction The concept of videoco
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evaluation program at higher instit
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est of an organisation. Precisely,
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748 Design & Develop Content Articu
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Students’ Projects Supervision (S
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knowledge of both tacit and explici
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Introduction Education Policy in an
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Therefore, in consonance with the N
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758 • Policy Ideas and Thoughts (
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eveal that a wide gap exist in this
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BARRIERS TO THE USE OF INFORMATION
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Literature Review John Daniel (2006
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Methodology The subjects for the re
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In table 6, respondents identify th
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73.1% (63.3% and 9.8%) for cost of
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772 Anniversary Conference, 23 Augu
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774
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Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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