Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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Reform and rehabilitation programmes were nominal and the prisons were aptly dubbed “colleges for criminals” or “breeding grounds for crime”. 7 Inmates awaiting trial at Ikoyi prison spent nine years in detention for minor offences; which on conviction would have carried prison terms of less than two years. Introducing ODL programmes on a massive scale for prison inmates would positively affect their condition while in prison. Consequently, Nigerian prisons would no longer be used as breeding ground for crimes; but for reforming the character of inmates on the moral and intellectual level. Moreover, in 1989, Chief Ebenezer Babatope while launching his memoir titled “Inside Kirikiri” alleged that prison expenditure was inadequate, in spite of the prison agricultural programme designed to produce local foodstuffs for the commercial market. 8 Using ODL programmes of NOUN teach inmates who enroll for Agricultural Programme, modem may learn farming or mechanization in their course materials. When inmate learners practicalise model farming in their prison farms, it would enable them to produce enough food for consumption while in prison. Not only that, it would also boost economic benefits for the government; as much food would be produced. The effect may bring malnutrition and disease that are rampant among inmates in prisons to an end. This is because the inmates themselves would be educated to produce food crops to sustain balanced diet to feed themselves. Besides, the Learner Support Unit of the NOUN would also counsel enrolled inmates to mould their characters. Through this counseling, it is hoped that the act of committing suicide in Nigeria prisons would be minimised. Problems of Maltreatment in Nigerian Prisons: In 1990, it was reported that the Minister of Justice had said that the prisoners’ feeding allowance, health and other problems were being tackled; 9 yet, prisoners have not got enough food to eat. However, with the introduction of NOUN, these problems of prisons inmates would be ameliorated. Van Kregten reported that maltreatment of inmates through abuse, frequent and occasional tortures in Nigerian prisons were a common phenomenon. For instance, in May, 1987 at Benin prison, armed police killed twenty-four inmates rioting over food supplies, and in 1988, a “secret” ten-year old detention camp on Ita Oko Island off Lagos was exposed and closed down. Nearly 300 prisoners died of “natural causes” in that island. In 1984, 79 inmates committed suicide while between 1980 and 1983; Ikoyi Prison alone recorded more than 300 deaths. Furthermore, in 1989, it was reported that 42 deaths were recorded in the first three months in Ikoyi Prison. Torture by police is also routine and widespread with “confessions” extracted through that heinous means used as evidence in trials. Civil Liberties Organisation (CLO) had in June, 1989, filed a suit on behalf of 1,000 detainees held without trial at Ikoyi Prison, charging the Federal Government with mistreatment and urging her to release them. Consequent upon this, Nigerian government pledged several times to reform prison system, according to Aster Van Kregten, Amnesty International’s Nigeria researcher; while speaking at a press conference in Abuja. It is believed that ODL programme on a massive scale would be the best method for the Federal Government to use in reforming inmates in Nigerian prisons. This is because the inmates would acquire various skills and be better educated; and a literate prison inmate is an asset to the administrators of Nigerian prisons in their bid to computerise case files that would fast track pretrial cases of detainees whose files the police sometimes claim to have been lost. As a result of the missing files, such detainees were reported to have been left behind bars in appalling conditions without ever being convicted of any crime. The use of computerised data in case files would quicken pre-trial cases in the Nigerian courts for the detainees. The technological education of the inmates in Nigerian prisons would set aside cases of many suspects awaiting trial that are presumed guilty despite the fact that there is little evidence of their involvement in the crime. Open Distance Learning programme would also enlighten those inmates who were suspected of committing crimes but not yet charged but were 489
imprisoned along with convicted criminals. For example, some people who were arrested in place of their family members that the police could not locate, could be educated on how to enforce their human rights as enrolled students of Law programmes in ODL programme. Such people could seek for legal assistance from Legal Aid Council or from the Amnesty International body to take their cases up with the Government in order to gain their freedom. Benefits of ODL Programme in Nigerian Prisons It is hoped that Nigerian Prison inmate learners may improve their education and be employed when they are eventually discharged from the prison. Nigerian inmates would also learn from the technical systems values education that is faster, cheaper and competitive than lecturing – teaching method in education. ODL which is technologically driven would enhance the inmates used of ICT and encourage them to have human values by participating actively in learning process. The inmates would be able to access data through the internet. It would teach them how to have link with other countries’ inmates’ reform activities that would benefit them. Their interaction with staff of the programme will psychologically reduce their feeling neglect Besides, since they are engaged in learning, it is believed that suicide would be minimised among the inmates of Nigerian prisons. ODL education could also help inmates to participate in business transactions with other Nigerians. Learning inmates could also be used as reservation clerks on keyboards for businessmen in Nigeria as it is done in the United States to answer phone calls for them. 10 Through ODL, prison inmates could generate new economic activity for their country anywhere in the world. This system of education would encourage them to adjust to the new world economics and embrace latest technology which they and the country could benefit from. The Role of Government in the use of ODL system in Prison Reforms Federal, State and Local governments in Nigeria need to establish an elaborate prison inmates’ learners programme in ODL for prison inmates. Their contributions towards the laudable programme would enable prisoners gain the knowledge of educational empowerment in the reform process. This would probably reduce crowding among others in Nigerian prisons. The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Empowering Nigerian Prison Inmates All non-governmental organisations in Nigeria should also contribute their own quota in kind, finance, material and spiritual needs towards the reform of Nigerian prisons. The non-governmental organisations should engage in seeking Amnesty for the detainees and convicts in Nigerian prison at all times. With better reforms, they would engage in meaningful and gainful business in their societies instead of their former criminal business which had led them into prisons or detainee cells. The Church and Mosques should also engage themselves in spiritual reform of Nigerian detainees and inmates in prisons by catering for their needs under a collaborative arrangement with ODL counsellors. 490
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2 nd Lagos, Nigeria A C D E C o n f
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Prof. Babatunde Ipaye (Chair, Plann
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Page Foreword i Contents ii - xi CO
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Increasing Teacher Quantity and Qua
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Role of Open / Distance Learning in
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Facilitating the Learning of Wildli
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Ibadan Open Digital Village (IODIV)
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THINKING OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING
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inaugurating at the time from exter
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country would be changed for good a
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Introduction 7 ELEARNING ON THE FAR
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There is a major omission in that d
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There are now close to a hundred of
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2008. We have already done face to
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affordable by students, parents, go
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their communities with no vocationa
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operating grants. A similarly sized
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• Innovation: In North America un
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mercantile investment tools exploit
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THE CHALLENGE OF THE MILLENNIUM DEV
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Quite clearly ODL practices have a
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Distance learning methods can be us
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We should not forget the strength o
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Introduction It is indeed a great p
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estructuring efforts will be geared
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37 Table 4: Internet Penetration in
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Given that ODL is a relatively new
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globalised and competitive world, h
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43 • The sharing of experiences t
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References Arbo, P., & Benneworth,
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Well functioning teacher education
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49 • The possibility of achieving
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51 • Education or professional st
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getting teacher-students to engage
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Thus, if the intention is to prepar
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over 3 three years Trained 1,200 Te
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Purpose-driven programme design inf
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We would argue the need for site-ba
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63 • How will we know whether we
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Robinson, B. & Latchem, C. Eds. (20
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pattern emerging, they need to anal
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Language and National Development N
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These programmes exist in many univ
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Survey Research; Introspection and
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The point made here is that univers
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77 access to French, the language o
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vehicular cross border languages or
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References Bamgbose, A. (1991). Lan
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83 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM INT
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85 • Romania - National Centre fo
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87 Consumption and Production Patte
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the structure to coordinate nationa
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conservation in protected areas and
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mind the colonial and historical le
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involved in the evaluation of cours
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staff and students to information a
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otherwise open and distance learnin
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We agree with Okolie (2003) that th
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means of education to become member
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REFERENCES Adekanmbi, G. (2000). A
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Gravett, S. (2004). Teaching and le
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109 SUB THEME I OPEN & DISTANCE LEA
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Definition of Social Emotional Lear
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1988). The learners in developmenta
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Table 1 Proportional Sampling of Pr
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Confidence 752 4.11 0.91 Independen
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References Association for Childhoo
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QUALITY ASSURANCE IN OPEN AND DISTA
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Concept of Quality Assurance Qualit
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The vision of the National Open Uni
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(e) To provide forum where individu
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AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
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e mo v e d in s p a c e a n d /o r
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T h e o r e t ica l Framework T h e
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h a v e th e larg e s t n u mb e r
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T a b l e 2 : C o mparison o f A d
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I t e m S /N f r o m r e s u l ts i
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141 p o p u l a t io n a d e q u a
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I t e m S /N S p e c if ic a lly, r
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D iscussio n F i v e r e s e a r c
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R e f e r e n c e s A ya d i, Fe l
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traders, unqualified medical worker
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Table 1: Mean, Standard Deviation a
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From table 2 above, it is observed
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ape, drug abuse and in unhealthy se
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Introduction Education has become o
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The Early Childhood Education progr
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In a bid to deliver quality educati
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(a) Self-assessment: These are assi
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OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AN
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Most of the ODL programmes at the U
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Director but the basic admission le
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THE USE OF AN ONLINE LEARNING SYSTE
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online education, also called dista
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Program Knowledge Performance Learn
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DEED618: College Teaching (CRN# 301
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Dreamweaver, etc. Providing additio
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Table 2 - Ten Largest Distance-lear
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USA Today, April 33, 2008: 6D. Wrig
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systems such as water, and land and
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Teachers face a widening range of d
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189 ii. gender: It is difficult to
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191 Robinson, B. and Colin, L. (200
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University of United Kingdom (OUUK)
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to lack of potential for sustainabi
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elements are: leadership, governmen
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Education for Sustainability Sustai
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The National Teachers’ Institute,
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- The Federal Government directive
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References: Adeagbo, Sen (2004). Co
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Introduction Distance learning is a
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This undeniable huge number of illi
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210 At the level of M.A Urdu in th
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Siddique, H.M. (2004). Distance Lea
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Annexure-3:Table 3 Gender Wise, Lev
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Annexure -8:Table 8 Gender Wise, Le
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9 Education Teacher Pakistan educat
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INCREASING TEACHER QUANTITY AND QUA
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teacher ratios very high (for insta
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Teacher Education in Kenya and Expe
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Postgraduate Diploma in Education (
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228 AN APPRAISAL OF ODL MODEL FOR P
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I n d i s c u s s in g th e po t e
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P u r p o s e of th e s t u d y T h
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D a t a a n a l y s i s B o th q u
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I t e m S / N T a b l e 3 C o m p a
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T a b l e 5 R a t i n g o f a d e q
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l e c t u r e s r e gu l a r l y an
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Figure 1 Summary of panel’s repor
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244 a d e q u a t e f e e d b a c k
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G a b r ie l , A . ( 20 0 0 ) . E -
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Introduction In the recent past, th
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compromise the time and attention t
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The students reported that they had
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TRAINING OF DEVELOPERS OF DISTANCE
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putting in place the SOLACE. Indeed
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Although according to data in the r
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clear policy which addresses a vari
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Republic of Kenya. (1998). Master P
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system, namely making learning flex
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Type 1 Literacy development interve
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268 the Adult Literacy Classroom. A
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AGRICULTURE AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVE
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Developing a global partnership for
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farmer in the Hambantota region saw
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276 RECONSTRUCTING MASCULINITY AND
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power. Power then becomes a weapon
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annunciated by the superpowers. P.
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24. I refer to potentially inhibito
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means that the propositions employe
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Dignity: Human dignity, pursuit of
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sound philosophical foundation to i
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290 INNOVATIVE METHOD OF HIV/AIDS E
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To be certain, the treatment situat
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The course: Management and Care of
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Aderinoye, R. and Ojokheta, K. (200
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This paper explores how the curricu
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300 indirectly by serving as guides
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302 iv. Rehabilitation and empowerm
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FROM EMPOWERMENT TO TRANSFORMATION:
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conception of power according to Pa
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in education. Plagiarising the work
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In Osiki (2007b), it was opined tha
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and caprices of any “military gen
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Osiki, J.O. (2007 b). Empowering Di
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INCORPORATING RELATIONSHIP MARKETIN
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strategic planning, work process, t
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Position Held Frequency Percent Cle
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Most of the customer care given to
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Bbuye, J. (2005) “Distance Educat
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INCREASING NUMBER OF OLDER PERSONS
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of ageing (Omotayo, 2006: 105-107).
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Second Semester 017Theory of Ageing
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OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: SUCCESS
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opportunities. This is in keeping w
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External problems Energy related pr
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References Adebayo, A. M. (2007a).
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Conceptual issues Open and Ffexible
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Table 1. Applications and admission
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from the epidemic to share their ex
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Jegede, O.J. (2003). Taking the dis
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The foreign learning and teaching s
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The song accompaniment for GST 101
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McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding t
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Introduction Open and Distance Lear
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It includes all the activities aime
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358 contact, less formal methods ar
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360 Training Objective Even though
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1. Technical competency 362 Technic
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2. Training logistics 364 The curri
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Rao, M.K. (1999). A Critical Analys
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vulgarisation agricole et d’ensei
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Open Learning system has emerged as
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For the physically challenged child
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Introduction/historical background
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Academic Manpower in NOUN The Natio
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THE ROLE OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSIT
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New venture creation and developmen
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Education is the most important ins
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Mode of Course Delivery Full time a
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Significantly, standards and benchm
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Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K.
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Introduction The success of every n
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S/N 1 Significance Generally, the m
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and infant mortality. 17 ODL method
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needed information. Assessment acco
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Abstract 398 ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTA
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Studies show that, it is as effecti
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The programme was introduced to tak
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This method allows learners to plan
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demand for providing quality teache
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Convenience with Family and other S
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(49.0%) agreed and 153 (51.0%) disa
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Hypothesis 2 Occupational status of
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Recommendations Open and distance l
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National Teachers’ Institute. (20
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418 Can human beings live long? Can
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17 - 19). Hence, the number of wome
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Ohaegbulem, M. O. (2007). Awareness
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Introduction The population growth
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However, the ubiquity of ICTs today
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428 • Religion Various religious
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Conclusion 430 o Promoting synergis
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Abstract 432 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND
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Data collection We conducted in-dep
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ecause she spent most of the time a
Page 453 and 454: financially well off and he preferr
Page 455 and 456: References Chaudry, P. (1995) Women
Page 457 and 458: University of Nigeria en vue de met
Page 459 and 460: 36 Zamfara 1,630,344 1,629,502 3,25
Page 461 and 462: 446 Total Population of Female in N
Page 463 and 464: Table1.3 Total number of admitted s
Page 465 and 466: ODL if the government can put in pl
Page 467 and 468: 452 SUB THEME III CAPACITY BUILDING
Page 469 and 470: Course Structure of DPE Programme T
Page 471 and 472: Regarding counselling sessions not
Page 473 and 474: BLOGGING AT UNIVERSITY AS A CASE ST
Page 475 and 476: in the past 12 months (i.e., up to
Page 477 and 478: The purpose of the blog should be m
Page 479 and 480: Tables 3 and 4 show samples of blog
Page 481 and 482: Staff are presumably well grounded
Page 483 and 484: Appendix I - Modelling for a pedago
Page 485 and 486: that bear on its ability to satisfy
Page 487 and 488: quality control and accrediting age
Page 489 and 490: Further, the characteristics of sof
Page 491 and 492: Duncan, W. J. (1978). Organizationa
Page 493 and 494: The Policy of the National Open Uni
Page 495 and 496: those measures is arguable 6 . But
Page 497 and 498: Much of the official attitude (legi
Page 499 and 500: fit to live a law abiding life upon
Page 501 and 502: educational or vocational training
Page 503: OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AS STR
Page 507 and 508: References Heather Menzies Venettee
Page 509 and 510: Mots clés: développement de resou
Page 511 and 512: Results and Findings The National O
Page 513 and 514: The respondents thus identified tha
Page 515 and 516: systematic programme of continuous
Page 517 and 518: Introduction Training as related to
Page 519 and 520: There is therefore the need to prep
Page 521 and 522: • the time lag between learning s
Page 523 and 524: 508 SUB THEME IV Quality Assurance
Page 525 and 526: Project Goal The goal of the projec
Page 527 and 528: 512 students who cannot afford coll
Page 529 and 530: 514 Table 2 Notional Budget Item Am
Page 531 and 532: Introduction Course materials are v
Page 533 and 534: content and construct validity; and
Page 535 and 536: Table 4 Percentage of learners’ r
Page 537 and 538: Discussion Research Question 1 Are
Page 539 and 540: Findings The following were the fin
Page 541 and 542: CHALLENGES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN
Page 543 and 544: materials (printed texts, video, au
Page 545 and 546: Introduction In order to create an
Page 547 and 548: COUNSELLING AS A COMMUNICATION STRA
Page 549 and 550: In Open and Distance Education, the
Page 551 and 552: As earlier mentioned, effort is bei
Page 553 and 554: Conclusion In this paper, the write
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Introduction Open and distance educ
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542 5. There is openness with regar
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etrieval and dissemination of infor
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546 teaching. It is a well designed
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References Akpan. C.P. & Esirah, E.
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FACILITATING THE LEARNING OF WILDLI
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‘graduate attributes’. However
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The subject is broken into three mo
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Assessment of Forum Participation T
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An additional tool is that of chat
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Gilmer, P. (1999). Developing a dis
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Introduction 562 PERSONNEL MANAGEME
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564 • The Managers co-ordinate th
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566 • They produce comprehensive,
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568 (i) Administrators: Administrat
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570 (v) Universities in Canada and
Page 587 and 588:
References 572 (iv) Finally, it is
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professional development, the need
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576 o Portfolios: collection of lea
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we need is to train our people on t
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Introduction Distance Education is
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Methodology The research design was
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disagreed. Those who disagreed said
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There is no system of tracking and
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Venkaiah, V. (1995). Quality Assura
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calculated before the completion of
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commitment to completion; previous
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5. Did you withdraw because of prob
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596 • All staff of the university
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Introduction 598 STRENGTHENING AFRI
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Human resources development A key e
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Project co-ordination meetings Proj
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Open and Distance education as prac
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606 2 The unique position of the st
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OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUCATION: A STRA
Page 625 and 626:
Using Nigeria as an example to show
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Definition of Terms Open Learning:
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(Juma, 2003). Examples of these are
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Financing Education worldwide is fu
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THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVE
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NOUN’s Vision and Mission Specifi
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Academic support services 622 Acade
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With enhanced quality education, th
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626 SUB THEME V COLLABORATION AND P
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Technologies de l’Information et
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Collaboration The importance attach
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- Self Assessment Exercises (SAEs)
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BEYOND BRICKS, MORTAR AND UNIVERSIT
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inability for many students to comp
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The small post-secondary sector is
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Gaining entry to a university often
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642 • Intranet or Local area netw
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Aigbokhan, B; Imahe, O.J. & Ailemen
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Abstract 646 ENHANCE COHESIVE STREN
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school running is fully displayed i
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week to receive individual tutorial
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International research is a process
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The technical assistance activity w
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different research fields, help pro
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seulement à l’aide de CD ROMs, m
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Abstract OPPORTUNITIES FOR KNOWLEDG
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offered only in public universities
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20. Teofilo Kisanji University (TEK
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References Chabaan, M.A. (1996). En
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training, certificate education and
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Conclusion In the course of providi
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672 EDUCATION, ICT AND THE USE OF M
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In 1998 researchers at the Massachu
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• Confidence could be built among
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Introduction Elearning has the pote
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Internet Usage Statistics: 450,000
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The implementation of the e-learnin
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Communication technologies used in
Page 701 and 702:
Acknowledgement I am grateful to my
Page 703 and 704:
The pillars are; education, governa
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The project started up in Ghana and
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INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING: AN EXPER
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Reminder messages were sent 3 days
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elsewhere, designing text messages
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INTERNET VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS IN DEVE
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The challenges of IVC deployment in
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702 M-LEARNING: AN EMERGING TREND I
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Short Message service (S.M.S) - ava
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With the system problems as: - Qual
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THE CONCEPT OF “LEARNING- FIELDS
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Above all, such learning has to imp
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As mentioned earlier above, the tea
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Considering the contents of learnin
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Figure 3 An exemplary learning fiel
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when the situation calls for them.
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Abstract 720 TECHNOLOGICAL AND PEDA
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een produced that can effectively r
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Determining levels of granularity W
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Once each core element of the class
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Figure 8 - Design Challenge: Ensuri
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TEACHING TECHNICAL COURSES THROUGH
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Academic Sessions (A) It is worthy
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This percentage of the left-over is
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E-education, in the personalised we
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According to (Michael 2002, 1993-20
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740 teaching. (Eric Document Reprod
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Introduction The concept of videoco
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evaluation program at higher instit
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est of an organisation. Precisely,
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748 Design & Develop Content Articu
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Students’ Projects Supervision (S
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knowledge of both tacit and explici
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Introduction Education Policy in an
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Therefore, in consonance with the N
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758 • Policy Ideas and Thoughts (
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eveal that a wide gap exist in this
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BARRIERS TO THE USE OF INFORMATION
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Literature Review John Daniel (2006
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Methodology The subjects for the re
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In table 6, respondents identify th
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73.1% (63.3% and 9.8%) for cost of
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772 Anniversary Conference, 23 Augu
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774
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Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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