Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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and anticipated drop in the price of computers in the near future, delivery of higher education through Open, Distance, and elearning will be much simpler. During the 2007/8 academic year, the Open University of Tanzania enrolled 1,500 trainee teachers, who had earlier been licensed by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MEVT) to teach in secondary schools before attending any training. Teacher training normally takes between three and four years in face to face institutions. It takes about six years in open and distance learning programmes offered by OUT. But for this special programme, the ministry requested OUT to fast-track the training, so that the students can be ready to graduate after three years. The pioneer group of students are now in their second year, and most of them are making satisfactory progress. The success of this programme will be an important milestone in the efforts of the Tanzania government to meet the growing needs of teachers for its rapidly growing education sector. In 2005, there were 77,238 secondary school leavers in Tanzania. The figure rose to 115,302 in 2007. It is expected that in 2010, there shall be 326,955 secondary school leavers. It is estimated that 50,000 new teachers are needed to meet this rapid expansion of the education sector. The vast numbers of scholars scattered across a poor country like Tanzania, constitute the greatest challenge to the OUT. Some areas cannot be reached by car from Dar es salaam in less than three days. During the rainy season, most roads are not passable, and the university hires a charter plane to distribute exams and tests in the periphery regional centres. Stringent requirements for quality control means a lot in terms of cost of managing examinations and tests, and routine distribution of printed study materials. The OUT continues to rely heavily on public financing, as it charges fees at about 20% the unit cost. To complete a bachelor’s degree in education, students spend about Tsh 1.8m (less than USD 1,600), as direct tuition cost for the entire programme. (3-6 years of study). To study for the same degree at the University of Dar es salaam as a private candidate (partially subsidised), tuition would cost a minimum of Tsh. 4.8 m (About USD 4,000). It is this low fee structure that makes studying at the OUT attractive, and has enabled thousands of Tanzanians from low income families to earn a higher educational qualification. Apart from scholars inside Tanzania, the OUT has enrolled about 139 students from Kenya, 91 from Uganda, 5 in Lesotho, 5 in Zambia, 3 in Ethiopia, 9 in Burundi, 2 in Rwanda, 2 in Malawi and 2 in Hungary. There is a growing interest in the sub-Saharan region to study by distance from OUT. Currently, the OUT operates a study centre in Nairobi to cater for students in Kenya. Interest has been shown by the Triumphant College in Windhoek and the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL) to serve as a coordinating centre for OUT students in Namibia. On the other hand, the Open University of Tanzania seeks to collaborate with the University of Coventry to offer by distance mode, the Masters of Communications Management (MCM). There is also interest to secure collaboration with the Glasgow Graduate School of Law to offer their LLM in IT and Telecoms by distance. Cross-border initiatives like these will facilitate smooth knowledge transfer, where both the centre and periphery have something to offer one another, but more precisely, this is a unique opportunity for scholars in Africa to get a chance to undertake postgraduate degree programmes at just a fraction of the actual cost. Conclusion Open and distance learning offers the best opportunity for massification of higher education in sub-Saharan Africa. Collaboration through cross-border initiatives with universities in developed countries will accelerate the pace of knowledge transfer to the region, thus stimulating the growth of the nearly stagnant economies of sub-Saharan Africa. 665
References Chabaan, M.A. (1996). Engineering Education and Continuing Education through Distance Learning. Proceedings of the World Congress of Engineering Educators and Industrial leaders, 2-5 July 1996, Paris, France, p. 219-225. Asmal, K. (2004). Knowledge is Not a product to be Bought or Sold: A south African Perspective. International Higher Education, The Boston College Centre for International Higher Education, Number 34, Winter 2004, p. 2-3. Knight, J. (2004). New Rationales Driving Internationalization. International Higher Education, The Boston College Centre for International Higher Education, Number 34, Winter 2004, p. 3-5. Weber, L. (2006). European Strategy to Promote the Knowledge Society as a Source of Renewed Economic Dynamism and Social Cohesion” pp3-17. Mabizela, M. (2004). Whither Private Higher Education in Africa? International Higher Education, The Boston College Centre for International Higher Education, Number 34, Winter 2004, p. 20. Garret, R. (2004). China – Regulation and Scale of Foreign Activity. International Higher Education, The Boston College Centre for International Higher Education, Number 34, Winter 2004, p. 21. Altbach, P.G. (2001). Higher Education and the WTO: Globalization Run Amok. http://www.b.c.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/news23/text001.htm, May 27 th 2008. 666
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2 nd Lagos, Nigeria A C D E C o n f
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Prof. Babatunde Ipaye (Chair, Plann
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Page Foreword i Contents ii - xi CO
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Increasing Teacher Quantity and Qua
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Role of Open / Distance Learning in
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Facilitating the Learning of Wildli
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Ibadan Open Digital Village (IODIV)
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THINKING OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING
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inaugurating at the time from exter
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country would be changed for good a
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Introduction 7 ELEARNING ON THE FAR
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There is a major omission in that d
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There are now close to a hundred of
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2008. We have already done face to
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affordable by students, parents, go
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their communities with no vocationa
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operating grants. A similarly sized
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• Innovation: In North America un
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mercantile investment tools exploit
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THE CHALLENGE OF THE MILLENNIUM DEV
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Quite clearly ODL practices have a
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Distance learning methods can be us
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We should not forget the strength o
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Introduction It is indeed a great p
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estructuring efforts will be geared
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37 Table 4: Internet Penetration in
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Given that ODL is a relatively new
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globalised and competitive world, h
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43 • The sharing of experiences t
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References Arbo, P., & Benneworth,
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Well functioning teacher education
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49 • The possibility of achieving
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51 • Education or professional st
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getting teacher-students to engage
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Thus, if the intention is to prepar
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over 3 three years Trained 1,200 Te
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Purpose-driven programme design inf
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We would argue the need for site-ba
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63 • How will we know whether we
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Robinson, B. & Latchem, C. Eds. (20
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pattern emerging, they need to anal
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Language and National Development N
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These programmes exist in many univ
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Survey Research; Introspection and
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The point made here is that univers
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77 access to French, the language o
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vehicular cross border languages or
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References Bamgbose, A. (1991). Lan
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83 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM INT
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85 • Romania - National Centre fo
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87 Consumption and Production Patte
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the structure to coordinate nationa
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conservation in protected areas and
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mind the colonial and historical le
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involved in the evaluation of cours
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staff and students to information a
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otherwise open and distance learnin
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We agree with Okolie (2003) that th
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means of education to become member
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REFERENCES Adekanmbi, G. (2000). A
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Gravett, S. (2004). Teaching and le
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109 SUB THEME I OPEN & DISTANCE LEA
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Definition of Social Emotional Lear
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1988). The learners in developmenta
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Table 1 Proportional Sampling of Pr
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Confidence 752 4.11 0.91 Independen
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References Association for Childhoo
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QUALITY ASSURANCE IN OPEN AND DISTA
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Concept of Quality Assurance Qualit
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The vision of the National Open Uni
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(e) To provide forum where individu
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AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
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e mo v e d in s p a c e a n d /o r
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T h e o r e t ica l Framework T h e
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h a v e th e larg e s t n u mb e r
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T a b l e 2 : C o mparison o f A d
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I t e m S /N f r o m r e s u l ts i
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141 p o p u l a t io n a d e q u a
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I t e m S /N S p e c if ic a lly, r
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D iscussio n F i v e r e s e a r c
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R e f e r e n c e s A ya d i, Fe l
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traders, unqualified medical worker
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Table 1: Mean, Standard Deviation a
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From table 2 above, it is observed
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ape, drug abuse and in unhealthy se
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Introduction Education has become o
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The Early Childhood Education progr
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In a bid to deliver quality educati
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(a) Self-assessment: These are assi
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OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AN
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Most of the ODL programmes at the U
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Director but the basic admission le
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THE USE OF AN ONLINE LEARNING SYSTE
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online education, also called dista
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Program Knowledge Performance Learn
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DEED618: College Teaching (CRN# 301
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Dreamweaver, etc. Providing additio
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Table 2 - Ten Largest Distance-lear
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USA Today, April 33, 2008: 6D. Wrig
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systems such as water, and land and
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Teachers face a widening range of d
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189 ii. gender: It is difficult to
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191 Robinson, B. and Colin, L. (200
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University of United Kingdom (OUUK)
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to lack of potential for sustainabi
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elements are: leadership, governmen
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Education for Sustainability Sustai
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The National Teachers’ Institute,
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- The Federal Government directive
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References: Adeagbo, Sen (2004). Co
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Introduction Distance learning is a
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This undeniable huge number of illi
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210 At the level of M.A Urdu in th
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Siddique, H.M. (2004). Distance Lea
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Annexure-3:Table 3 Gender Wise, Lev
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Annexure -8:Table 8 Gender Wise, Le
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9 Education Teacher Pakistan educat
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INCREASING TEACHER QUANTITY AND QUA
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teacher ratios very high (for insta
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Teacher Education in Kenya and Expe
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Postgraduate Diploma in Education (
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228 AN APPRAISAL OF ODL MODEL FOR P
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I n d i s c u s s in g th e po t e
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P u r p o s e of th e s t u d y T h
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D a t a a n a l y s i s B o th q u
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I t e m S / N T a b l e 3 C o m p a
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T a b l e 5 R a t i n g o f a d e q
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l e c t u r e s r e gu l a r l y an
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Figure 1 Summary of panel’s repor
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244 a d e q u a t e f e e d b a c k
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G a b r ie l , A . ( 20 0 0 ) . E -
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Introduction In the recent past, th
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compromise the time and attention t
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The students reported that they had
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TRAINING OF DEVELOPERS OF DISTANCE
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putting in place the SOLACE. Indeed
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Although according to data in the r
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clear policy which addresses a vari
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Republic of Kenya. (1998). Master P
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system, namely making learning flex
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Type 1 Literacy development interve
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268 the Adult Literacy Classroom. A
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AGRICULTURE AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVE
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Developing a global partnership for
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farmer in the Hambantota region saw
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276 RECONSTRUCTING MASCULINITY AND
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power. Power then becomes a weapon
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annunciated by the superpowers. P.
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24. I refer to potentially inhibito
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means that the propositions employe
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Dignity: Human dignity, pursuit of
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sound philosophical foundation to i
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290 INNOVATIVE METHOD OF HIV/AIDS E
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To be certain, the treatment situat
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The course: Management and Care of
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Aderinoye, R. and Ojokheta, K. (200
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This paper explores how the curricu
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300 indirectly by serving as guides
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302 iv. Rehabilitation and empowerm
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FROM EMPOWERMENT TO TRANSFORMATION:
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conception of power according to Pa
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in education. Plagiarising the work
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In Osiki (2007b), it was opined tha
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and caprices of any “military gen
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Osiki, J.O. (2007 b). Empowering Di
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INCORPORATING RELATIONSHIP MARKETIN
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strategic planning, work process, t
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Position Held Frequency Percent Cle
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Most of the customer care given to
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Bbuye, J. (2005) “Distance Educat
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INCREASING NUMBER OF OLDER PERSONS
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of ageing (Omotayo, 2006: 105-107).
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Second Semester 017Theory of Ageing
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OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: SUCCESS
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opportunities. This is in keeping w
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External problems Energy related pr
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References Adebayo, A. M. (2007a).
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Conceptual issues Open and Ffexible
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Table 1. Applications and admission
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from the epidemic to share their ex
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Jegede, O.J. (2003). Taking the dis
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The foreign learning and teaching s
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The song accompaniment for GST 101
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McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding t
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Introduction Open and Distance Lear
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It includes all the activities aime
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358 contact, less formal methods ar
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360 Training Objective Even though
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1. Technical competency 362 Technic
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2. Training logistics 364 The curri
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Rao, M.K. (1999). A Critical Analys
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vulgarisation agricole et d’ensei
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Open Learning system has emerged as
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For the physically challenged child
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Introduction/historical background
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Academic Manpower in NOUN The Natio
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THE ROLE OF NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSIT
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New venture creation and developmen
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Education is the most important ins
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Mode of Course Delivery Full time a
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Significantly, standards and benchm
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Osei, B., Baah-Nuakoh, A., Tutu, K.
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Introduction The success of every n
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S/N 1 Significance Generally, the m
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and infant mortality. 17 ODL method
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needed information. Assessment acco
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Abstract 398 ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTA
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Studies show that, it is as effecti
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The programme was introduced to tak
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This method allows learners to plan
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demand for providing quality teache
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Convenience with Family and other S
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(49.0%) agreed and 153 (51.0%) disa
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Hypothesis 2 Occupational status of
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Recommendations Open and distance l
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National Teachers’ Institute. (20
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418 Can human beings live long? Can
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17 - 19). Hence, the number of wome
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Ohaegbulem, M. O. (2007). Awareness
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Introduction The population growth
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However, the ubiquity of ICTs today
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428 • Religion Various religious
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Conclusion 430 o Promoting synergis
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Abstract 432 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND
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Data collection We conducted in-dep
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ecause she spent most of the time a
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financially well off and he preferr
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References Chaudry, P. (1995) Women
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University of Nigeria en vue de met
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36 Zamfara 1,630,344 1,629,502 3,25
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446 Total Population of Female in N
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Table1.3 Total number of admitted s
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ODL if the government can put in pl
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452 SUB THEME III CAPACITY BUILDING
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Course Structure of DPE Programme T
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Regarding counselling sessions not
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BLOGGING AT UNIVERSITY AS A CASE ST
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in the past 12 months (i.e., up to
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The purpose of the blog should be m
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Tables 3 and 4 show samples of blog
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Staff are presumably well grounded
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Appendix I - Modelling for a pedago
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that bear on its ability to satisfy
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quality control and accrediting age
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Further, the characteristics of sof
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Duncan, W. J. (1978). Organizationa
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The Policy of the National Open Uni
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those measures is arguable 6 . But
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Much of the official attitude (legi
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fit to live a law abiding life upon
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educational or vocational training
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OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AS STR
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imprisoned along with convicted cri
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References Heather Menzies Venettee
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Mots clés: développement de resou
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Results and Findings The National O
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The respondents thus identified tha
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systematic programme of continuous
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Introduction Training as related to
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There is therefore the need to prep
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• the time lag between learning s
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508 SUB THEME IV Quality Assurance
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Project Goal The goal of the projec
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512 students who cannot afford coll
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514 Table 2 Notional Budget Item Am
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Introduction Course materials are v
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content and construct validity; and
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Table 4 Percentage of learners’ r
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Discussion Research Question 1 Are
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Findings The following were the fin
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CHALLENGES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN
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materials (printed texts, video, au
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Introduction In order to create an
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COUNSELLING AS A COMMUNICATION STRA
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In Open and Distance Education, the
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As earlier mentioned, effort is bei
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Conclusion In this paper, the write
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Introduction Open and distance educ
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542 5. There is openness with regar
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etrieval and dissemination of infor
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546 teaching. It is a well designed
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References Akpan. C.P. & Esirah, E.
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FACILITATING THE LEARNING OF WILDLI
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‘graduate attributes’. However
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The subject is broken into three mo
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Assessment of Forum Participation T
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An additional tool is that of chat
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Gilmer, P. (1999). Developing a dis
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Introduction 562 PERSONNEL MANAGEME
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564 • The Managers co-ordinate th
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566 • They produce comprehensive,
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568 (i) Administrators: Administrat
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570 (v) Universities in Canada and
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References 572 (iv) Finally, it is
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professional development, the need
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576 o Portfolios: collection of lea
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we need is to train our people on t
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Introduction Distance Education is
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Methodology The research design was
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disagreed. Those who disagreed said
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There is no system of tracking and
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Venkaiah, V. (1995). Quality Assura
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calculated before the completion of
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commitment to completion; previous
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5. Did you withdraw because of prob
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596 • All staff of the university
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Introduction 598 STRENGTHENING AFRI
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Human resources development A key e
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Project co-ordination meetings Proj
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Open and Distance education as prac
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606 2 The unique position of the st
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OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUCATION: A STRA
Page 625 and 626:
Using Nigeria as an example to show
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Definition of Terms Open Learning:
Page 629 and 630: (Juma, 2003). Examples of these are
Page 631 and 632: Financing Education worldwide is fu
Page 633 and 634: THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVE
Page 635 and 636: NOUN’s Vision and Mission Specifi
Page 637 and 638: Academic support services 622 Acade
Page 639 and 640: With enhanced quality education, th
Page 641 and 642: 626 SUB THEME V COLLABORATION AND P
Page 643 and 644: Technologies de l’Information et
Page 645 and 646: Collaboration The importance attach
Page 647 and 648: - Self Assessment Exercises (SAEs)
Page 649 and 650: BEYOND BRICKS, MORTAR AND UNIVERSIT
Page 651 and 652: inability for many students to comp
Page 653 and 654: The small post-secondary sector is
Page 655 and 656: Gaining entry to a university often
Page 657 and 658: 642 • Intranet or Local area netw
Page 659 and 660: Aigbokhan, B; Imahe, O.J. & Ailemen
Page 661 and 662: Abstract 646 ENHANCE COHESIVE STREN
Page 663 and 664: school running is fully displayed i
Page 665 and 666: week to receive individual tutorial
Page 667 and 668: International research is a process
Page 669 and 670: The technical assistance activity w
Page 671 and 672: different research fields, help pro
Page 673 and 674: seulement à l’aide de CD ROMs, m
Page 675 and 676: Abstract OPPORTUNITIES FOR KNOWLEDG
Page 677 and 678: offered only in public universities
Page 679: 20. Teofilo Kisanji University (TEK
Page 683 and 684: training, certificate education and
Page 685 and 686: Conclusion In the course of providi
Page 687 and 688: 672 EDUCATION, ICT AND THE USE OF M
Page 689 and 690: In 1998 researchers at the Massachu
Page 691 and 692: • Confidence could be built among
Page 693 and 694: Introduction Elearning has the pote
Page 695 and 696: Internet Usage Statistics: 450,000
Page 697 and 698: The implementation of the e-learnin
Page 699 and 700: Communication technologies used in
Page 701 and 702: Acknowledgement I am grateful to my
Page 703 and 704: The pillars are; education, governa
Page 705 and 706: The project started up in Ghana and
Page 707 and 708: INSTRUCTIONAL SCAFFOLDING: AN EXPER
Page 709 and 710: Reminder messages were sent 3 days
Page 711 and 712: elsewhere, designing text messages
Page 713 and 714: INTERNET VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS IN DEVE
Page 715 and 716: The challenges of IVC deployment in
Page 717 and 718: 702 M-LEARNING: AN EMERGING TREND I
Page 719 and 720: Short Message service (S.M.S) - ava
Page 721 and 722: With the system problems as: - Qual
Page 723 and 724: THE CONCEPT OF “LEARNING- FIELDS
Page 725 and 726: Above all, such learning has to imp
Page 727 and 728: As mentioned earlier above, the tea
Page 729 and 730: Considering the contents of learnin
Page 731 and 732:
Figure 3 An exemplary learning fiel
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when the situation calls for them.
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Abstract 720 TECHNOLOGICAL AND PEDA
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een produced that can effectively r
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Determining levels of granularity W
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Once each core element of the class
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Figure 8 - Design Challenge: Ensuri
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TEACHING TECHNICAL COURSES THROUGH
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Academic Sessions (A) It is worthy
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This percentage of the left-over is
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E-education, in the personalised we
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According to (Michael 2002, 1993-20
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740 teaching. (Eric Document Reprod
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Introduction The concept of videoco
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evaluation program at higher instit
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est of an organisation. Precisely,
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748 Design & Develop Content Articu
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Students’ Projects Supervision (S
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knowledge of both tacit and explici
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Introduction Education Policy in an
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Therefore, in consonance with the N
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758 • Policy Ideas and Thoughts (
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eveal that a wide gap exist in this
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BARRIERS TO THE USE OF INFORMATION
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Literature Review John Daniel (2006
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Methodology The subjects for the re
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In table 6, respondents identify th
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73.1% (63.3% and 9.8%) for cost of
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772 Anniversary Conference, 23 Augu
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774
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Open and Distance Learning for Sustainable Development

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