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The Caldwell Objects

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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright star or clump<br />

punctuates the galaxy's northeastern end, and a<br />

slightly fainter, though prominent, clump lies<br />

due east of the bright hub on the southeastern<br />

rim. <strong>The</strong> galaxy appears to bulge toward the<br />

southeast, making the northeastern section of the<br />

disk appear narrow. But photographs show this<br />

to be an illusion created by a dense ribbon of dust<br />

blocking the light. A series of clumps in an arc<br />

bowing to the southwest surrounds the nuclear<br />

region on the southwestern side, giving the<br />

nuclear region a slightly parabolic look. <strong>The</strong><br />

northern prong on the southwestern limb of the<br />

disk appears kinked.<br />

<strong>The</strong> view at high power is quite interesting.<br />

<strong>The</strong> galaxy no longer appears uniformly bright<br />

along its full extent. Rather, its southwestern end<br />

is dramatically more obvious. Interestingly, this<br />

is exactly what the galaxy's discoverer, James<br />

Dunlop, observed:<br />

A beautiful long nebula, about 10' long, and 2'<br />

broad, forming an angle with the meridian,<br />

about 30° south preceding and north following<br />

[from southwest to northeast!; the brightest and<br />

broadest part is rather nearer the south<br />

preceding [southwestern] extremity than the<br />

centre, and it gradually diminishes in breadth<br />

and brightness towards the extremities, but the<br />

breadth is much better defined than the length.<br />

A small star near the north, and a smaller star<br />

near the south extremity, but neither of them is<br />

involved in the nebula. I have strong suspicions<br />

that this nebula is resolvable into stars, with<br />

very slight compression towards the centre. I<br />

have no doubt but it is resolvable. I can see the<br />

stars, they are merely points.<br />

83<br />

You can sense the enthusiasm of the moment in<br />

that passage. Clearly Dunlop was picking out the<br />

clumps of starlight shining through the long dust<br />

lanes and patches that run the length of the<br />

galaxy, as well as a number of foreground stars<br />

in that rich section of the Milky Way. In his 12inch<br />

telescope, Ernst Hartung found the<br />

northwestern side slightly convex and fairly<br />

uniform in brightness except toward the fading<br />

ends. And in her 13.1-inch reflector at 105x<br />

Barbara Wilson saw NGC 4945 as a "long wispy<br />

streak of light that filled the eyepiece [and] looks<br />

like a flying saucer."<br />

Overall NGC 4945 reminds me of M82, what<br />

with the interplay between its dark lanes and its<br />

illuminated portions. <strong>The</strong> real challenge I found<br />

at high power was to resolve the dark notch or<br />

"eyelash" between the eastern clump and the<br />

nublike core. Much of the dark material in this<br />

galaxy can be inferred visually from the<br />

patchiness of the luminous sections. Take your<br />

time and be patient. I would suggest spending<br />

several nights on this galaxy. Keep good records,<br />

make plenty of drawings, and your observations<br />

should yield more and more detail.<br />

Before moving on, try for NGC 4976, a l0thmagnitude<br />

spiral galaxy about 30' due east of<br />

NGC 4945. It's a nice compact (5.4' x 3.3') object<br />

that can be mistaken for a star. A star of roughly<br />

magnitude 8.5 abuts it to the east.<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Caldwell</strong> <strong>Objects</strong> 335

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