The Caldwell Objects

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Sheehan, William, 17, 415 Ε. Ε. Barnard biography by, 393 Shoemaker, Carolyn, 282, 382 Shoemaker, Eugene, 282 Shoemaker-Levy 9, 282, 382 Sigma Octantis, 428 Sigma Tauri, 167 Silver Coin (Caldwell 65), 258-262, 260 Silver Needle Galaxy (Caldwell 26), 107-108 Sinnott, Roger W, 10-11, 14, 165 Sirius supercluster, 339 Skiff, Brian Α., 11 and galaxies, 98, 128, 141, 181, 280 and nebulae, 35, 195, 236 and star clusters, 40, 114, 217 Skyscrapers Astronomy Club, 133 SL 7, 443 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 228,409-411,413 Smith, Bruce J., 183 Smyth, Adm. William Henry, 9-10, 167, 177, 188, 211, 219, 232, 234-236, 255, 437-438 star colors and double stars, 156, 167, 172, 185 Smyth, Piazzi, 431 SNormae, 351-353 S Normae Cluster (Caldwell 89), 14, 351-353 Sofue, Yoshiaki, 259 solar activity effect on airglow, 4 solar system, 314 South Celestial Pole, 428 South Galactic Pole Group, 246 Southern Beehive (Caldwell 96), 384-387 Southern Butterfly (Caldwell 105), 417-420 Southern Cross, 315, 318, 348, 358, 362, 376-378, 377, 388, 418 Southern Pinwheel (Caldwell 70), 277-283 Southern Pleiades (Caldwell 102), 402-404 Southern Ring (Caldwell 74), 292-295, 293 Space Telescope Science Institute, 33 spectra and spectroscopy, 33, 166, 224-225, 357 Spindle, The (Caldwell 53), 211-214 spiral galaxies 482 barred, 24, 177 classification of, 139-140 magnetic fields in, 56 mixed, 139-140 molecular gas in, 116 unbarred, 139-140 Staal, Julius, 345 starburst galaxies, 241-242, 259, 334 star clusters. See also globular clusters, open clusters in Caldwell 65, 259 Starfish, The (Caldwell 93), 370-374 star formation, 57, 90, 119, 196, 388 and density waves, 328-329 in Η II regions, 32, 38-39, 45-46, 178, 204, 259, 267, 374 in interacting galaxies, 240-242 star names Greek letters in, 318-319 stars, binary. See binary stars stellar winds and nebula formation, 22-23, 52-53, 196 Stephan's Quintet, 118, 121 Stone, Edward James, 380 Straizys, Vytantas, 84 String of Pearls (Caldwell 72), 277-283 Struve 953, 186 Struve 1645,91 Struve 2890, 73-74 Struves, 9-10 Sullivan, III, Woodruff T., 121 supergiant stars extragalactic, 205, 279, 405-406 and Type II supernovae, 130-131 supernovae, 117, 178, 269, 309 remnants of, 25, 110-111, 129-134, 196, 241, 259, 279 star formation and, 25, 334 Type Ia, 55, 193 Type Ic, 178 Type II, 55-56, 130-131 Swift, Lewis, 197 Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103), 405-408, 406 Tau Canis Majoris Cluster (Caldwell 64), 254-257 Tau Canis Majoris, 256 Taurus, 162-163 Τ Cephei, 29 Τ Coronae Australis, 273 telescopes built by William Herschel, 455-456, 457-459 Hubble Space Telescope. See Hubble Space Telescope limiting magnitudes of, 9-10 Palomar Observatory. See Palomar Mountain used by author, 3-6 Telescopium-Grus Cloud, 441 Tele Vue Optics, 3-4 Texas Star Party, 128, 133, 158, 243, 303, 435 Theis, Christian, 90 Theodor, Pieter, 381 Theta Carinae Cluster (Caldwell 102), 377, 402-404 Thomson, Malcomb J., 70 3C 84,101 Tirion, Wil, 14, 143, 398, 416, 428 Tombaugh, Clyde, 156, 263 Townes, Charles, 164 Trapezium, 9, 122 Triangulum Australe, 381 True Lover's Knot, 408 Trumpler, Robert J., 145-146, 255, 393 Trumpler 1, 49 Trumpler 14, 367 Trumpler 16, 367 Trumpler 24, 300, 303, 304 Τ Tauri stars, 45 Tucana, 410 TullyR. Brent, 96, 115 Tweezers Galaxy (Caldwell 83), 332-335 20 Vulpeculae, 143-146 TY Coronae Australis, 272 U U3, 192 Ultra-high contrast (UHC) filter, 199 Uranus, 4, 460 William Herschel's discovery of, 456 2 Ursae Minoris, 20 V V364 Carinae, 404 V374 Carinae, 385 V382 Carinae, 358, 360 V460 Carinae, 386 V518 Carinae, 403 V910 Centauri, 388, 390 V973 Scorpii, 302 Valentijn, Edwin Α., 98 Vanderbilt University Observatory, 227 van der Werf, Paul P., 98 variable nebulae, 182-186, 270-273, 366 variable stars within the Be spectral class, 51, 388 Cepheid type of, 205, 351 Delta Scuti type of, 256 William Herschel's observations of, 460-461 in nebulae, 272, 363 RR Lyme type of, 170, 289, 336 in star clusters, 169-170, 336, 380, 422, 425 vdB 96, 256 vdB-Ha 99, 367 Vehrenberg, Hans, 249 Veil Nebula. See Caldwell 33/34 Vela Pulsar, 387 Vela X, 387 Very Large Array, 192 Virgo Cluster, 207 visual acuity, 68-69 volcanic smog (vog), 2-3 Volcano, Hawaii, 2 von Auwers, Georg Fredrich Julius Arthur, 248 von Gothard, E., 123 VY Canis Majoris, 256 W Walker, Alistair R., 289 Wallace, Kent, 427 Warren Rupp Observatory, 146-147, 172 Index 483
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
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stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
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evealed a significant blue-straggle
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ightest stars shine around 4th magn
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egion looks cold and disturbing, no
Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
Page 453 and 454: 7 N G C 4 0 4 T y L p e n : G t a i
Page 455 and 456: pointed her 7x35 binoculars toward
Page 457 and 458: 13 NGC 288 Type: Globular Cluster C
Page 459 and 460: your telescope on Eta Sculptoris an
Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
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