The Caldwell Objects

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Bayer, Johann constellations created by, 418, 423, 426 and Greek letters for stars, 318-319 Uranometria. See astronomical atlases Bennett, Jack, 337 Bettoni, Daniela, 160 BF Centauri, 388, 390 Bigourdan, Guillaume, 319-320, 432 binary stars in Caldwell 56, 226 and core collapse in globular clusters, 372-373 double stars and, 462 Eta Carinae as, 365 evolution of, 343 Black Forest Star Party, 113 black holes, 213, 279, 308, 333 Blinking Planetary Nebula (Caldwell 15), 68-71 Blow, Graham, 368 blue stragglers, 189, 216, 289, 372, 415-416, 425 Bode, Johann Elert, 456 Bok, BartJ., 195, 369 Bok globules, 195 Bond, George P., 9, 306 Bond, Howard, 226 Bond, William Cranch, 9 Bortle, John, 450-451 Bottari, Claudio, 117 Bow-Tie Nebula (Caldwell 2), 9, 22-23 Box Galaxy (Caldwell 21), 89-91 Brandl, Bernhard, 406 Braun, W G., 74 . Brown, Peter Lancaster, 453 brown dwarfs, 246, 340 Bruck, Mary T., 349 Bubble Nebula (Caldwell 11), 52-54 Bug Nebula (Caldwell 69), 274-276 Burbidge Chain, 247 Burnham, Jr., Robert, 124, 179, 229, 235, 438 Burnham's Celestial Handbook, 6, 31, 39, 94, 99, 133, 143, 155,212, 384, 449 BZ Crucis, 391,394-395 Caldwell 1, 19-21 470 C Caldwell 2, 9, 22-23 Caldwell 3, 24-26 Caldwell 4, 7, 27-29 Caldwell 5, 7, 30-32, 150 Caldwell 6, 33-36 Caldwell 7, 37-40 Caldwell 8, 41-43, 64 Caldwell 9, 44-48 Caldwell 10, 49-51, 64 Caldwell 11, 52-54 Caldwell 12, 55-57 Caldwell 13, 58-61, 64 Caldwell 14, 62-67, 64, 449-453 Caldwell 15, 68-71,87 Caldwell 16, 72-74 Caldwell 17, 75-78 Caldwell 18, 75-78 Caldwell 19, 79-92 Caldwell 20, 83-88, 87 Caldwell 21, 89-91 Caldwell 22, 92-95, 121 Caldwell 23, 96-99, 150-151, 153 Caldwell 24, 100-103 Caldwell 25, 104-106 Caldwell 26, 13, 107-108 Caldwell 27, 87,109-111 Caldwell 28, 112-114 Caldwell 29, 115-117 Caldwell 30, 118-121 Caldwell 31, 122-125 Caldwell 32, 126-128, 435 Caldwell 33, 87,129-134 Caldwell 34, 87,129-134 Caldwell 35, 135-138 Caldwell 36, 139-142 Caldwell 37, 8, 13, 87,143-149 Caldwell 38, 150-153, 441 Caldwell 39, 154-158, 155 Caldwell 40, 159-161 Caldwell 41, 13-14, 162-168, 165, 339, 437 Caldwell 42, 169-172 Caldwell 43, 173-176 Deep-Sky Companions; The Caldwell Objects
index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Caldwell 86, 274, 342-344 Caldwe, 179-181 Caldwell 87, 345-347, 412 Caldwell 46, 182-186, 183 Caldwell 88, 348-350 Caldwell 47, 187-190 Caldwell 89, 14, 351-353 Caldwell 48, 191-193 Caldwell 90, 354-357, 356 Caldwell 49, 14, 194-201 Caldwell 91, 358-360, 377 Caldwell 50, 194-201 Caldwell 92, ix, 361-369, 363,377 Caldwell 51, 202-206 Caldwell 93, 370-374 Caldwell 52, 207-210 Caldwell 94, 376-380, 377 Caldwell 53, 211-214 Caldwell 95, 381-383 Caldwell 54, 215-217 Caldwell 96, 377, 384-387 Caldwell 55, 218-222, 220 Caldwell 97, 377, 388-390 Caldwell 56, 223-226 Caldwell 98, 377, 391, 395-396 Caldwell 57, 227-230 Caldwell 99, 377, 391-396 Caldwell 58, 231-233 Caldwell 100, 8, 13, 14, 377, 397-401 Caldwell 59, 234-238, 440 Caldwell 101, 371, 374-375 Caldwell 60, 102, 239-244, 241 Caldwell 102, 339, 377, 402-404 Caldwell 61, 102, 239-244, 241 Caldwell 103, 405-408, 406 Caldwell 62, 245-247 Caldwell 104, 409-413, 411 Caldwell 63, 248-253, 250,253 Caldwell 105, 3, 5, 377, 417-420 Caldwell 64, 254-257 Caldwell 106, 321, 409, 411,413-416 Caldwell 65, 258-262, 260, 439 Caldwell 107, 5, 423-425 Caldwell 66, 263-265 Caldwell 108, 5, 377, 417, 420-422 Caldwell 67, 266-269 Caldwell 109, 5, 426-429, 428 Caldwell 68, 270-273, 271, 442 Caldwell Catalog Caldwell 69, 274-276 creation of, vii-viii Caldwell 70, 277-283 errors in original publication of, 12-14, Caldwell 71, 284-287 398-399 Caldwell 72, 277-283 Camelopardalis, 40 Caldwell 73, 288-291 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), 180, Caldwell 74, 292-295, 293 184, 204 Caldwell 75, 296-299 Canes Venatici Spur, 115 Caldwell 76, 300-304, 302, 304 Capa, CristinaE., 110 Caldwell 77, 305-310, 307, 309 Cape of Good Hope, 7, 236, 258, 278, 284, 297, Caldwell 78, 311-313 300, 345, 372, 407, 418 Caldwell 79, 314-317, 377 Carter, David, 266 Caldwell 80, 318-323, 413 Carter Observatory, 368, 414 Caldwell 81, 324-327 Cat's Eye Nebula (Caldwell 6), 33-36, 34 Caldwell 82, 328-331 Cave Nebula (Caldwell 9), 44-48 Caldwell 83, 332-335 Centaurus A (Caldwell 77), 305-310, 307,309 Caldwell 84, 336-338 Cepheid variable stars, 29, 205, 351 Caldwell 85, 339-341 CFHT. See Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope 471
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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104 NGC 362 Type: Globular Cluster
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
Page 437 and 438: stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
Page 439 and 440: is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
Page 441 and 442: 107 NGC 6101 Type: Globular Cluster
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Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
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Page 457 and 458: 13 NGC 288 Type: Globular Cluster C
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Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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