The Caldwell Objects

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Kilauea Volcano, 2 Kitt Peak National Observatory, 241 Knapen, Johan H., 180 Koester, Detlev, 353, 359 Kohle, Sven, 90 Kohoutek, Lubos, 52, 292 Kreimer, Evered, 449 Krisciunas, Kevin, 408 Kwok, Sun, 155-156, 275 L Lacaille, Abbe Nicolas Louis de 476 catalog of, 284-285 constellations defined by, 345, 418 and globular clusters, 320, 413, 418-419 and nebulae, 362, 407 and open clusters, 297, 300, 341, 358, 378, 384, 389 telescopes used by, 297, 378 Lacerta, 72 Lada, Charles, 255 Lambda Centauri, 13,397-401 Lambda Centauri Cluster (Caldwell 100), 8, 13-14, 377,397-401 Lampland, Carl Otto, 182-183, 263 Laplace, Pierre Simon, 89 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 90, 204, 228, 360, 394, 405-406 Lassell, William, 92, 183, 271 Laustsen, Svend, 292 Leander McCormick Observatory, 228 Leavitt, Henrietta S., 352 Lee, Young-Wook, 321 lenticular galaxies, 139-140, 159-160, 175, 207-208,213,432 Leo Cloud, 159 Leuschner Observatory Supernova Search, 192 Levy, David H., ix, 401, 450 Lick Observatory, 175, 183 Light Blue Snowball (Caldwell 22), 92-95 light pollution, 4-5, 199 Liller, William, 336 LINERs. See low-ionization nuclear emission- line regions Ling, Alister, 71, 198 Lion Nebula (Caldwell 39), 154-158, 155 Liquid Pyramid (Caldwell 64), 254-257 Little Jewel Box. See NGC 3293 LMC. See Large Magellanic Cloud Local Group, 76, 204 Lorenzin, Tom, 59 Lossing, Fred, 199 Lou, Yu-Qing, 56 Low, Frank, 183 low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs), 115-116, 119 Luginbuhl, Christian B., 11 and galaxies, 40, 98, 128, 141, 181, 280 and nebulae, 35, 236 and star clusters, 114, 217 Lynch, Richard, 133 Μ Ml (Crab Nebula), 131 M15, 121 M20 (Trifid Nebula), 81 M27 (Dumbbell Nebula), 148 M31 (Andromeda Galaxy), 119, 174, 451, 463 dwarf companions to, 75-78 M32, 77 M33, 113, 279 M37, 388-389 M39, 80 M40, 81,452 M42 (Orion Nebula), 80, 122-123, 195 M44 (Beehive), 216 M50, 196 M52, 53 M57 (Ring Nebula), 438 M63, 119 M65, 160 M74, 30 M81,97 M83, 440 M101,30 M102, 432-433 Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs. See massive compact halo objects MacRobert, Alan M., 58, 124, 185, 434 Magellanic Clouds, 263. See also Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud magnitudes discrepancies and variations in, 8-10, 64-65, 94, 223-224, 294, 419, 421-422 methods for determining, 39 Malin, David, 259, 415 Mallas, John H., 449 Marconi, Alessandro, 334 Mars, 459-460 Marshall, Francis E., 406 Marth, Albert, 197, 271 Martin, Martha Evans, 2 massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 246 Mayall, Nicholas U., 123 Mayor, Michel, 233 McClure, Robert, 215 McNeil, Jay, 33, 35-36, 70, 156 Meaburn, John, 250-251 Méchain, Pierre, 218, 433, 462 Meier, Rolf, 199 Melotte 25 (Caldwell 41), 13-14, 162-168, 339, 437 Melotte 101, 404 Mendez, Mariano, 412 Mermilliod, Jean-Claude, 233 Messier Catalog. See astronomical catalogs Messier, Charles, 63, 81, 112, 131, 157, 196, 211, 300 William Herschel and, 462 Mexican Jumping Star, 257 Meylan, Georges, 406 Mice, The, 243 Michell, John, 462 Milkweed Seed Galaxy (Caldwell 62), 245-247 Milky Way, xiii, 99, 121 and cannibalized dwarf galaxies, 324-325 globular clusters and structure of, 169-170 orbital motions within, 314-315 Minkowski, Rudolph L., 101, 134, 307 Mitchell, Larry, x, 119, 128, 243-244, 435 molecular hydrogen, 98, 388 Moon William Herchel and, 459 Moore, Patrick, vii, ix, 442 Caldwell catalog creation and, vii-viii Morales, Ronald, 223 Morris, Charles, 39 Moulton, Forest Ray, 134 Mount John Observatory, 415 Mount Wilson 60-inch reflector, 212, 221-222 100-inch reflector, 89, 213, 227 ] Mu Columbae, 123 Murrell, Andrew, 356, 427 Musca, 418 mythologies Australian, 392 Chinese, 363 Greek, 163-164, 370, 423 Ν Nagler,Al,3 National Geographic Society- Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, 298, 437 nebulae. See also dark nebulae, planetary nebulae, reflection nebulae, and variable nebulae classification of, 284-285 18th-century perception of universe and, 8 gas knots in, 251 illumination of, 45, 84-85, 93, 182-184, 219, 271- 272, 292, 405 as imagined groupings of stars, 462 William Herschel and, 462-465 nebular hypothesis, 154 Neckel, Thorston, 85 Network Nebula (Caldwell 33), 129-134 New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC). See astronomical catalogs New Technology Telescope, 208, 346 index 477
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
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stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
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Page 443 and 444: evealed a significant blue-straggle
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Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
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Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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