The Caldwell Objects

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challenging targets galaxies, 26, 91, 98, 107, 152-153, 202-206, 247, 252- 253,412-413 nebulae, 35-36, 47-48, 81, 111, 195, 234 star clusters, 51, 60, 104-106, 256 stars, 94-95, 201 Chamaeleon, 426 Christmas Tree, 185 Clark, Roger N., 25-26, 31, 91, 95, 113, 124, 437 Clark, Tom and Jeannie, 54, 133, 368 Clerke, Agnes, 414 Close, Laird M., 184 Clown-Face Nebula (Caldwell 39), 154-158, 155 Coalsack (Caldwell 99), 377, 391-396 Cocoon Nebula (Caldwell 19), 79-92 Coe, Steve, 235-236, 280, 295 Cogshall, Wilbur Α., 134 Collinder, Per Arne, 27, 145-146, 397 Collinder 228, 368 Collinder 249 (Caldwell 100), 8, 13, 14, 397-401 Collinder 416, 146 Collinder 417, 146 Collinder 428, 88 Collinder 429,27 Collins, Peter, 68 Coma Cluster, 136 Coma-Sculptor Cloud, 32, 38, 56, 77, 151 comets Halley's, 309 methods of searching for, 450-453 Shoemaker-Levy 9, 282 Cone Nebula, 185 constellations boundaries redefined, 20, 191 defined by Bayer, 418, 423, 426 defined by Keyser and de Houtman, 370 defined by Lacaille, 345, 418 Cooper, Ian, 360 Copeland, Leland, 92, 185 Cor Caroli, 126 Corona Australis, 311 Corvus Cloud, 243 Corwin, Harold G., 147-148, 202, 281 Crab Nebula (Ml), 131 Crescent Nebula (Caldwell 27), 109-111 Crux, 376 Curtis, Heber D., 22, 306 Cygnus Loop, 130, 132 D Dark Doodad, 420 dark matter, 246 dark nebulae, nature of, 392-393 data sources, 10-12 Davidson, Kris, 364 Dawes, William, 9 de Bruijpe, Jos, 166 Deep-Sky Wonders, 6, 236 de Houtman, Frederick, 370, 413 Dejonghe, Herwig, 208 Delgado, Rosa M. Gonzalez, 178 Delporte, Eugene, 20 Delta Geminorum, 156-157 Delta Scuti variable stars, 256 Deneb, 84, 87-88 Denning, William E., 30 density waves and star formation in spiral galaxies, 328-329 de Vaucouleurs, Gerard, 126-127, 212, 281 Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), 16, 399, 467-468 Double Cluster (Caldwell 14), 62-67, 449-453 double stars binary stars and, 462 in Caldwell 41,167-168 Herschel's catalogs of, 461 drawing deep-sky objects, 16-18 Dreyer, Johann Louis Emil, 7, 145, 279 on William Herschel, 466 DSS. See Digitized Sky Survey Dunlop, James catalog of southern deep-sky objects by, 278 and galaxies, 278, 305-306, 335 and globular clusters, 288-289, 312, 320, 337, 372,410, 420-421,424 John Herschel and, 278-279, 424 472 Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open clusters, 297, 303, 330, 351, 358, 389 dust in Caldwell 99, 392-393 in Caldwell 104, 412 dust lanes in Caldwell 20, 84 in galaxies, 97-98, 115, 150-153, 175, 177, 306- 310 in the nucleus of Caldwell 52, 208 dwarf galaxies accompanying M31, 75-78 dark matter in, 246 globular clusters as nuclei of, 324-325 Ε EGGs. See Evaporating gaseous globules 18Vulpeculae, 146 80 Tauri, 167 81Tauri, 167 Einstein satellite, 110, 266 Electric Arc (Caldwell 43), 173-176 elliptical galaxies dust lanes and stellar disks within, 208 and the Hubble sequence, 139-140, 207 as X-ray emitters, 101 Elmegreen, Debra M., 180 Eridanus Cloud, 266 Eskimo Nebula (Caldwell 39), 154-158, 155 Espin, Thomas E., 79 E.T. Cluster (Caldwell 13), 58-61 Eta Carinae, 363-365 Eta Carinae Nebula (Caldwell 92), ix, 361-369, 363,377 European Southern Observatory New Technology Telescope, 208, 346 Very Large Telescope, 274 Evans, Rev. Robert, 309 evaporating gaseous globules (EGGs), 53 eye, anatomy of, 68-69 Eye Nebula (Caldwell 59), 234-238, 440 F False Comet, 302 False Comet Cluster (Caldwell 76), 300-304, 302,304 Fan, Zuhui, 56 fast low-ionization emission regions (FLIERs), 69-71,94, 237 Ferris, Timothy, 102-103, 179 Filamentary Nebula (Caldwell 34), 129-134 Fisher, J. Richard, 115 Flaming Star Nebula (Caldwell 31), 122-125 Flammarion, Camille, 429 Flamsteed, John, 196 FLIERs. See fast low-ionization emission regions Fornax Cluster, 266 47 Tucanae (Caldwell 106), 321, 409, 413-416 FPVirginis, 181 Fremont Park Observatory, 257 Frost, Robert, 2,414 G galactic structure globular clusters and, 169-170 galaxies. See also dwarf galaxies, elliptical galaxies, irregular galaxies, lenticular galaxies, spiral galaxies, and starburst galaxies bars in, 24-25 classification of, 8, 139-140, 207-208 collision of or interaction between, 90, 101-102, 127, 137, 160-161, 192, 240, 243, 307 dust lanes in, 97-98, 115, 150-153, 175, 177, 267,306- 310 and 18th- and 19th-century perceptions of universe, 8, 89, 119, 178 hot spots in, 180 Hubble sequence of, 139-140 orbital motions within, 160-161 Seyfert, 101-102, 115, 266, 305 velocities of, 76 Gamma Centauri, 398 Gamma Delphini, 172 Geffert, Michael, 437 Geisler, Douglas, 149 Gemini North Telescope, 189 Index 473
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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104 NGC 362 Type: Globular Cluster
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
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stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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Page 441 and 442: 107 NGC 6101 Type: Globular Cluster
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Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
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Page 457 and 458: 13 NGC 288 Type: Globular Cluster C
Page 459 and 460: your telescope on Eta Sculptoris an
Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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The Caldwell Objects

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