The Caldwell Objects

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sense approach to the science occasionally led him astray, but his ideas were original and many have been proved to be correct. Nearly all of his published papers were destined to influence the trend of European scientific progress. Many years later, Johann Louis Emil Dreyer, author of A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, wrote, "The genius of Herschel, which acknowledged no boundaries to its explorations, planned work on original lines and found no untrodden paths." Herschel carefully preserved all the letters he received from his colleagues, and they show the universal admiration and respect in which he was held. Gradually all the learned societies and academies of Europe enrolled William Herschel as a member. In 1816 Herschel was knighted by the Prince Regent for his scientific accomplishments, and in 1820 he was nominated as the first President of The Royal Astronomical Society (originally the Astronomical Society of London). William Herschel died on August 25,1822, at Observatory House in Slough and was buried in the nearby church of Saint Lawrence at Upton. He had been very weak for a long time, yet his death was unexpected. Interestingly, his lifetime of just under 84 years spanned almost precisely the time it takes the planet he discovered to orbit the Sun. Caroline Herschel at once left England and returned to Hanover, where she spent the remaining 25 years of her life. She prepared a catalog of 2,500 nebulae and clusters found by her brother and herself entitled Λ Catalogue of the Nebulae which have been observed by Wm. Herschel in a Series of Sweeps. The catalog was primarily intended for the use of his son, Sir John Herschel, who was engaged in the revision and extension of his father's work, using the old "large" 20-foot telescope. Sir John never published his father's catalog, in part because 466 he shared the opinion, universal at the time, that very few of his father's nebulae could be seen with any but the largest telescopes. Yet today we know this work as the very foundation upon which modern astronomy rests. William Herschel devoted his life to astronomy and was a tireless observer and theoretician whose ideas were way ahead of his time. Those of us lucky enough to be astronomers today will be forever grateful to him. As Dreyer wrote in 1912: No earthly monument is wanted to perpetuate the memory of the man who, solely guided by his genius and his indefatigable energy, rose to the greatest eminence in a hitherto almost unexplored field of science, and widened the horizon of man to an extent no one had imagined possible before his time. Larry Mitchell Houston, Texas November 29, 2001 Author's Note: In 1987 I started to observe all 2,508 objects in William and Caroline Herschel's catalog. At first I used a 10-inch telescope but soon graduated to a 24-inch f/5 telescope I built myself. After seven years I achieved my goal. What's amazing is that William Herschel used a smaller telescope (an 18¾-inch f/12.8) than I, and one with inferior reflectivity. Some of the objects he discovered I found exceedingly difficult to see, even though I had the advantages of superior optics and knowing exactly where to look. In a few cases I had to return on a second night, under different atmospheric conditions, to see one of his discoveries. Yet Herschel was able to detect this same object — without prior knowledge of its existence — the first time it moved through his field of view. After completing this project, I came away with a feeling of awe, admiration, and reverence for this man's dedication, abilities, and accomplishments. He truly was the best. — LM. Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
Appendix D Photo Credits in order of appearance FOREWORD Caldwell 25 Preston Scott Justis Patrick Moore Caldwell 26 Harvey Freed Caldwell 27 Preston Scott Justis PREFACE Caldwell 28 Lee Coombs Luke Dodd Caldwell 29 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 30 William McLaughlin ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Caldwell 31 George Greaney Akira Fujii Caldwell 32 Robert Bickel Caldwell 33/34 Jim Riffle CHAPTER 1 Caldwell 35 Digitized Sky Survey1 Akira Fujii Caldwell 36 Digitized Sky Survey1 Donna Donovan O'Meara VdS-Fachsgruppe Astrophotographie Caldwell 37 Edwin P Hubble, . The Realm of the Nebulae, Yale University Press Preston Scott Justis CHAPTER 2 Caldwell 38 Robert and Janice Fera Caldwell 1 Ivan King / Harvard College Caldwell 39 Sean Walker Caldwell 2 Caldwell 3 Observatory Martin Germano Martin Germano Caldwell 40 NASA / Andrew Fruchter / ERO Team Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 4 George Greaney / Dean Easton Caldwell 41 Akira Fujii Caldwell 5 Caldwell 6 Kim Zussman Sean Walker / John Boudreau Caldwell 42 Stephen James O'Meara Digitized Sky Survey1 J. P Harrington . / K. J. Borkowski / Caldwell 43/44 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 7 NASA Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 45 Chuck Vaughn Martin Germano Caldwell 8 Lee Coombs Caldwell 46 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 9 Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 10 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 47 Eric R. Craine (3) Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 11 Dennis Sorensen Caldwell 48 Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 12 Kim Zussman Caldwell 49/50 Hans Vehrenberg Caldwell 13 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 51 Martin Germano Caldwell 14 Akira Fujii (2) Caldwell 52 Digitized Sky Survey2 Caldwell 15 Sean Walker / John Boudreau Caldwell 53 Ray Gralak Bruce Balick / Jason Alexander / Caldwell 54 Laurence A. Marschall / Arsen Hajian / Yervant Terzian / Mario Perinotto / Patrizio Patriarch! / NASA Caldwell 55 Liang-Tai George Chiu / William van Altena C. R. Lynds / Kitt Peak Caldwell 16 Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 17/18 Martin Germano Caldwell 19 George Greaney Caldwell 20 Ethan Van Matre Dennis di Cicco Caldwell 21 Adam Block / NOAO / AURA / NSF Caldwell 56 National Observatory Bruce Balick/Jason Alexander / Arsen Hajian / Yervant Terzian /Mario Perinotto / Patrizio Patriarchi / NASA Kim Zussman Caldwell 22 Sean Walker Caldwell 57 Martin Germano Howard Bond / NASA Caldwell 58 Akira Fujii Caldwell 23 Dale E. Mais Caldwell 59 Martin Germano Caldwell 24 Digitized Sky Survey1 Caldwell 60/61 Kim Zussman Appendix D 467
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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104 NGC 362 Type: Globular Cluster
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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Page 435 and 436: 1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
Page 437 and 438: stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
Page 439 and 440: is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
Page 441 and 442: 107 NGC 6101 Type: Globular Cluster
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Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
Page 453 and 454: 7 N G C 4 0 4 T y L p e n : G t a i
Page 455 and 456: pointed her 7x35 binoculars toward
Page 457 and 458: 13 NGC 288 Type: Globular Cluster C
Page 459 and 460: your telescope on Eta Sculptoris an
Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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