The Caldwell Objects

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Brad Whitmore / NASA Jon Morse / NASA Caldwell 62 Kim Zussman Caldwell 93/101 Steven Quirk Caldwell 63 Chuck Vaughn Reginald Dufour / Raymond J. C. Robert O'Dell / Kerry P. Talbot / Eric B. Jensen Handron / NASA Caldwell 94 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatory Observatories Akira Fujii Caldwell 64 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 95 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Caldwell 65 Preston Scott Justis Caldwell 96 Akira Fujii Hubble Heritage Team Caldwell 97 Akira Fujii (AURA/STSCI/NASA) Caldwell 98/99 Akira Fujii (2) Caldwell 66 Jeffrey L. Jones Caldwell 100 VdS-Fachsgruppe Caldwell 67 Preston Scott Justis Astrophotographie Caldwell 68 Steven Quirk Caldwell 102 Akira Fujii Mount Wilson Observatory Caldwell 103 Andrew Peters Caldwell 69 VdS-Fachsgruppe Luke Dodd Astrophotographie Caldwell 104/106 Steven Lee Caldwell 70/72 Martin Germano Andrew Peters Andrew Peters Akira Fujii Caldwell 71 Akira Fujii Caldwell 105/108 Akira Fujii (2) Caldwell 73 Akira Fujii Caldwell 107 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Caldwell 74 Sky & Telescope archives Caldwell 109 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Hubble Heritage Team Howard Bond / NASA (AURA/STSCI/NASA) Caldwell 75 Digitized Sky Survey 2 CHAPTER 3 Caldwell 76 Martin Germano Steven Quirk Akira Fujii (2) Caldwell 77 Luke Dodd APPENDIX Β Ethan J. Schreier / NASA Akira Fujii Reginald Dufour / Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory APPENDIX C Caldwell 78 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Wolbach Library, Harvard- Caldwell 79 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Smithsonian Center for Caldwell 80 Luke Dodd Astrophysics (2) Caldwell 81 Steven Lee Caldwell 82 European Southern Observatory Caldwell 83 Steven Quirk Caldwell 84 Digitized Sky Survey 2 1From the Digitized Sky Survey, Northern Caldwell 85 Steven Lee Hemisphere, courtesy Palomar Observatory and Caldwell 86 Akira Fujii NASA/AURA/STSCI. Caldwell 87 Digitized Sky Survey 2 Caldwell 88 Digitized Sky Survey 2 2From the Digitized Sky Survey, Southern Caldwell 89 Akira Fujii Hemisphere, courtesy the U.K. Schmidt Telescope Caldwell 90 Digitized Sky Survey Unit and NASA/AURA/STSCI. Howard Bond / NASA Caldwell 91 Akira Fujii Caldwell 92 Luke Dodd Pablo Prado 468 Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 394, 400 adaptive-optics camera, 180, 184, 188 Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 406 AEAurigae, 122-125 Albireo, 87, 148, 172 Aldebaran, 164-166 Algol, 461 Allen, David Α., 93 Allen, Richard Hinckley, 10, 63,288,363,418,423 Alpha Persei Moving Cluster, 339 al-Sufi, Abd al-Rahman, 340 American Association of Variable Star Observers, 181 Ames, Adelaide, 307 Andromeda Galaxy. See M31 Anglo-Australian Observatory, 259, 266, 357 Antlia- Hydra Cloud, 192 Apis, 423 Apis Indica, 423 apparent magnitudes, 8-10 Apus, 423 Archinal, Brent, 8 and catalog/atlas discrepancies, 27, 145-146, 198-199, 432 and galaxies, 202 and globular clusters, 105, 172, 419 and nebulae, 80 and open clusters, 20, 59-60, 86, 113, 286, 298, 382, 385, 402-403 Arcturus, 1 Arecibo, 192 Arnett, Bill, 257 Arp, Halton C, 76, 267, 332 Ashbrook, Joseph, 318-319 astronomical atlases discrepancies between, 20, 86, 144-146, 286, 384-385, 398, 432 Millennium Star Atlas, 14, 52, 67, 79, 86, 95, 103, 136, 144, 146, 153, 165, 172, 192, 206, 269, 286, 347, 374, 385, 398, 428 Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens, 143, 397 Sky Atlas 2000.0,14, 20, 46, 52, 79, 86, 143-144, 153, 159, 198, 240, 286, 384-385, 398, 416, 428, 431-432, 436, 438 Uranometria, 318-319,381,413,418, 423,426 Uranometria 2000.0, 14, 46, 52, 86, 144, 153, 198, 269, 286, 385, 398, 428, 432 astronomical catalogs discrepancies between, 144-146, 197-199, 228, 294, 398-399, 419, 432 of James Dunlop, 274, 278, 285, 288, 312, 315, 320, 337, 343, 346, 351, 372, 395, 410, 420, 424 General Catalogue of Nebulae (GC), xiii, 7, 50, 92, 145, 198 of William Herschel, 7-8, 461-462, 466 of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, 284-285, 320, 341, 343, 358, 378, 382, 384, 389, 413, 418 Messier Catalog, vii, 19, 30, 305, 336, 432-433, 449-453 New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), 7, 86, 145, 152, 223, 279, 466 prefixes in, 12 Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects (RNGC), 86 Athens Observatory, 182 Auckland Observatory, 5, 418, 422, 425, 427 Australia Telescope Compact Array, 374 Β Baade, Walter, 101, 104, 255, 307 Bailey, Solon, 169-170 Balick, Bruce, 34, 69, 93, 115, 220-221 Barker, Edmond S., 145 Barlow lens, 4, 226 Barnard 48, 303, 304 Barnard 205, 436 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 94, 183-184, 197-198, 227, 274, 393, 432 Barnard's Galaxy (Caldwell 57), 227-230 Barrado y Navascues, David, 340 Baume, Gustavo, 301 index 469
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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104 NGC 362 Type: Globular Cluster
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
Page 435 and 436: 1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
Page 437 and 438: stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
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Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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The Caldwell Objects

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