The Caldwell Objects

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NGC 6729 (Caldwell 68), 270-273, 271, 442 NGC 6744 (Caldwell 101), 371, 374-375 NGC 6752 (Caldwell 93), 370-374 NGC 6818, 230 NGC 6822 (Caldwell 57), 227-230 NGC 6826 (Caldwell 15), 68-71 NGC 6882, 143-149 NGC 6885 (Caldwell 37), 8, 13, 143-149 NGC 6888 (Caldwell 27), 109-111 NGC 6934 (Caldwell 47), 187-190 NGC 6939, 56-57 NGC 6946 (Caldwell 12), 55-57 NGC 6960 (Caldwell 34), 129-134 NGC 6992. See Caldwell 33 NGC 6995. See Caldwell 33 NGC 6996, 86-88 NGC 6997, 86-88 NGC 7000 (Caldwell 20), 83-88, 87 NGC 7006 (Caldwell 42), 169-172 NGC 7009 (Caldwell 55), 218-222, 220 NGC 7023 (Caldwell 4), 7, 27-29 NGC 7209, 72, 82 NGC 7243 (Caldwell 16), 72-74 NGC 7293 (Caldwell 63), 248-253, 250,253 NGC 7331 (Caldwell 30), 118-120 NGC 7335, 118, 120 NGC 7336, 118, 120 NGC 7337, 118, 120 NGC 7340, 120 NGC 7354, 48 NGC 7479 (Caldwell 44), 173, 176-178 NGC 7635 (Caldwell 11), 52-54 NGC 7640, 95 NGC 7662 (Caldwell 22), 92-95, 121 NGC 7789, 431 NGC 7793, 439-440 NGC 7814 (Caldwell 43), 173-176 19Vulpeculae, 146 Noctua, 264 North America Nebula (Caldwell 20), 83-88, 87 Nubecula Minor, 413 nuclear dust lanes, 208 480 Ο O'Connor, John J., 231 O'Dell, C. Robert, 251 O'Meara, Stephen James, 3 celestial play by, 62-63 Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier Objects, 2 eyepieces used by, 3-4 method of magnitude determination, 39 and TeleVue Genesis refractor, 3 Texas Star Party and, 128,133,158, 243-244, 303 Omega Centauri (Caldwell 80), 318-323, 413 Omicron Velorum Cluster (Caldwell 85), 339-341 open clusters blue stragglers in, 216 formation of, 215 planetary nebula in, 353 Orion Nebula (M42), 122-123, 195 Outer Limits Galaxy (Caldwell 23), 96-99, 150-151, 153 Owens Valley Radio Observatory, 116 Ρ Pac-Man Nebula (Caldwell 56), 223-226 Palitzsch, Johann Georg, 197 Palomar Mountain Schmidt telescope, 160 200-inch reflector, 38, 101, 186, 213 Paraskevopoulos, John S., 307 Parramatta, New South Wales, 278, 285, 288, 305, 312, 320, 372, 378, 395, 410, 420 Parsons, William (3rd Earl of Rosse), 150, 218 Pavo, 370-371 Pease, Frank G., 212 Pegasus, 118, 121, 174 Pegasus Cloud, 176 Pegasus Spur, 119, 175 Pelican Nebula, 83-85 Pellepoix, Antoine Darquier de, 33 Peltier, Leslie C, 2, 450 Perek, Lubos, 52 Perinotto, Mario, 438 Perseid meteor shower, 67 Perseus A (Caldwell 24), 100-103 Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluster (Caldwell 13), 58-61 photographs, selection criteria for, 15-16 Piccolomini, Alessandro, 319 Pickering, William, 358 Pincushion (Caldwell 91), 358-360 Pitt, Mary, 455 planetary nebulae formation of, 22-23, 155-156 gas jets in, 34 motions within, 93-94, 219-220 in an open cluster, 353 Pleiades, 166, 339 Greek mythology of, 163-164 Pogson, Rev. Norman R., 9-10 Polakis, Tom, 107, 268 Polaris, 19, 428 Ptolemy, 319 pulsars, 406 Q quasars, 266-267, 332 R Radcliffe l36 (R136), 406 Raymo, Chet, 84 Raynard, Arthur Cowper, 393 R Canis Majoris, 233 R Coronae Australis, 270-273, 271 R Coronae Australis Nebula (Caldwell 68), 270-273, 271,442 red-dwarf stars, 343 Reed, Darren, 34 reflection nebulae, 27-29, 182-186, 270-273, 436 Reimers, Dieter, 359 Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Objects (RNGC). See astronomical catalog Ring Nebula (M57), 237, 438 Ringtail Galaxy. See Caldwell 60/61 R Monocerotis, 182-184 Roberts, Issac, 29, 306 Roberts, Morton S., 192 Robertson, Edmond E, 231 Robichon, Noёl, 149 Rosat satellite, 45-46, 110, 119, 140, 241, 246, 279, 403 Rosette Nebula (Caldwell 49), 14, 194-201 Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 406 Roth, Joshua, 133, 153 Roy, Jean-René, 127 Royal Astronomical Society, 466 Royal Society, 456, 461 RR Lyrae-type variable stars, 169-170, 289, 336 RS Persei, 67 Rubin, Vera, 160 Rudaux, Lucien, 175, 212 runaway stars, 122-123 RXTE. See Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer S Sagar, Ram, 379 Samus, Nikolai, 336 Sandage, Allan R., 435 SAO 20575, 53 SAO 228708, 311 SAO 252073, 376, 380 Sarajedini, Ata, 424 Saturn, 4, 460 Saturn Nebula (Caldwell 55), 218-222, 220 Scarecrow, The (Caldwell 51), 202-206 Schaeberle, J. M., 123 Schmidt, J. F Julius, . 182, 271 Sculptor Galaxy (Caldwell 65), 258-262, 260, 439 Sculptor Group, 246, 259, 278 Seagrave Observatory, 133 Secchi, Angelo, 221, 236 Sechler, Tim, 59 Serviss, Garrett P., 166 Sextans, 211 Seyfert, Carl K., 98, 101 Seyfert galaxies, 100-103, 115, 266, 305, 333 Shain, C. Α., 307 Shapley, Harlow, 104, 169-170, 286, 307, 359 Sharpless, Stewart, 45 Sharpless 2-155 (Caldwell 9), 44-48 Sharpless 310, 255-256 Index 481
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
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stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
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evealed a significant blue-straggle
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ightest stars shine around 4th magn
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Page 449 and 450: The galaxy received some incidental
Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
Page 453 and 454: 7 N G C 4 0 4 T y L p e n : G t a i
Page 455 and 456: pointed her 7x35 binoculars toward
Page 457 and 458: 13 NGC 288 Type: Globular Cluster C
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Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491 and 492: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 493 and 494: Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hip
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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The Caldwell Objects

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