The Caldwell Objects

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General Catalogue of Nebulae (GC). See astronomical catalogs George III, 456, 458 Georgium Sidus. See Uranus Ghost Globular. See NGC 5897 Ghost's Goblet (Caldwell 8), 41-43 Ghost of Jupiter (Caldwell 59), 234-238, 440 Gingerich, Owen, 285, 449, 450 globular clusters ages of, 289, 324 blue stragglers in, 189, 289, 372, 415-416, 424-425 core collapse of, 312, 372-373 evolution of, 289, 324, 343, 372, 406 extragalactic, 102, 151,416 and galactic structure, 169-170, 410-411 William Herschel and, 465 orbital motions of, 263-264, 314-315 variable stars in, 169-170, 336, 422, 425 Glyn Jones, Kenneth, 380 Gomez, Yolanda, 275 Gonzales, Guillermo, 315 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, 413-414 Graham, John Α., 271 Great Sculptor Galaxy (Caldwell 65), 258-262, 260, 439 Great Square of Pegasus, 174 Greek letters in star names, 318-319 Green, Daniel W E., 450 . Green, David Α., 110-111 Gum Nebula, 387 Η Hall, Rob and Lesley, 5,411 Halley, Edmond, 319, 362, 413 Halley's Comet, 309 Handler, Gerald, 70 Hanover (Germany), 454 Harby, Bill, 394 Hardy, Thomas, 392-393 Harris, William E., 104, 264, 289, 373, 419, 424 Hartung, Ernst J. and galaxies, 181, 208, 212 and globular clusters, 325, 347, 412, 437 and nebulae, 295, 356 and open clusters, 166, 232-233, 254, 299, 303, 331 Harvard College Observatory, 169 Oak Ridge Station, 151 refractors of, 9, 132, 249, 307 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Hawaii Astrophysics, 68 light pollution in, 4-5 volcanic smog (vog) above, 2-3 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 2 Hazen, Martha, 264 HD 111973, 376, 379-380 HD 112887, 135,137 HD 150136, 329-331 HD 192163, 109-110 HD 192182, 111 HD 199579, 84-85 HD 200775, 28-29 Head, Marilyn, 374 Heckman, Timothy, 115 Helix Nebula (Caldwell 63), 248-253, 250,253 Herbig, George, 183 Herschel, Caroline, 96, 231-232, 258, 455-458, 466 Herschel, John, 7, 9-10, 145-147, 177, 188, 198, 320, 354, 364, 407 James Dunlop and, 278-279, 424 Herschel, William, 6, 27, 119, 188, 223, 234-235, 454-466 catalogs published by, 461-462, 466 categories of deep-sky objects, 8 and 18th-century perception of universe, 8, 89, 119, 178, 392 family and musical career, 454-455 and Immanuel Kant's hypothesis, 178 planetary observations by, 458-460 telescopes of, 455-459, 458 discovery of Uranus by, 456 474 Deep-Sky Companions; The Caldwell Objects
Hevelius, Johannes, 72, 81, 452 Hipparcos satellite, 123, 165, 181, 261, 380, 385, 403 Hockey Stick (NGC 4656/7), 126, 127, 435-436 Hodge, Paul, 77 Hodierna, Giovanni Batista, 254-255, 300 Hogg 15, 391, 395 Hogg, David E., 192 Hogg, Helen Sawyer, 105, 336 Holmberg, ErikB., 107 Hoogerwerf, Ronnie, 123 Hoopes, Charles, 108 Horologium, 345 Horseshoe Cluster (Caldwell 10), 49-51 Houston, Walter Scott, 6, 19, 199, 212, 234-236, 242, 322 Hydra Hysteria, 263 HST. See Hubble Space Telescope Η II regions, 45-46, 255-256, 362, 405 in galaxies, 38-39, 178, 259, 267, 374-375 star formation in, 32 Hubble, Edwin P., 30, 108, 182-183, 192, 227 galaxy classification and, 139-140, 207 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and black holes, 213, 308 and galaxies, 90, 102, 136, 180, 259, 308, 435 and nebulae, 69, 93,134, 220, 292-293,428 and star clusters, 151, 189, 286, 416 Hubble's Variable Nebula (Caldwell 46), 182-186 Huggins, William, 33, 236 Humason, Milton L., 30 Hutchings, John B., 228 Hyades (Caldwell 41), 13-14, 162-168, 339, 437 stereogram of, 165 Hynes, Steven J., 11, 69, 385, 438 I IAU. See International Astronomical Union IC 342 (Caldwell 5), 7, 30-32, 150 IC 405 (Caldwell 31), 122-125 IC 410, 122, 124 IC 1340, 133 IC 1496 (Caldwell 19), 79-92 IC 1590,431-432 IC 1613 (Caldwell 51), 202-206 IC 2391 (Caldwell 85), 339-341 IC 2488, 357 IC 2602 (Caldwell 102), 339, 377, 402-404 IC 2944, 8, 397-401 IC 2948, 397-401 IC 4628, 303-304 IC 4637, 303 IC 4651,326-327 IC 4677, 35-36 IC 4812, 270, 272 IC 4836, 374 IC 4842, 374 IC 4845, 374 IC 5067, 84 IC 5070, 84 Iddings, Joseph P., 134, 154 Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 110, 196, 208 Intergalactic Tramp (Caldwell 25), 104-106 Intergalactic Wanderer. See Intergalactic Tramp International Astronomical Union (IAU), 191 International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 357 Iota Orionis, 123 IRAS. See Infrared Astronomical Satellite irregular galaxies, 204 J Janes, Kenneth Α., 349 Jensen, Peter, 363 Jewel Box (Caldwell 94), 376-380 Johnson, Harold, 255 Jupiter, 460 Κ Kahanpaa, Jere, 50, 181 Kant, Immanuel, 154, 178 Kappa Crucis (Caldwell 94), 376-380, 377 Kappa Tauri, 167 Keeler, James, 175 Kelly, Al, 128 Keyhole Nebula, 363, 368 Keyser, Pieter Dirkszoon, 370, 413, 426 Index 475
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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DEEP-SKY COMPANIONS The Caldwell Ob
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Contents Foreword by Patrick Moore
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to be more difficult than others, s
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years of thought and observation ar
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XII position, type, angular size, a
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sky and share its splendors. There
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CHAPTER 1 About This Book O N ONE S
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times vog can back up and cause a s
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when there is moisture in the air.
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Herschel's original observations, p
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we use today and to one another? I
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SIMBAD (Set of identifications, Mea
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Caldwell 26. The objects in the Cal
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tion near the edges of the charts).
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nights of observing. Unless otherwi
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CHAPTER 2 The Caldwell Objects 1 1
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Because of its location far from th
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as strongly energized as would be e
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suggested by the patchiness of NGC
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4 NGC 7023 Type: Reflection Nebula
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astronomers found direct evidence o
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and his contemporaries. Why then wa
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6 Cat's Eye Nebula NGC 6543 Type: P
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Eighth-magnitude NGC 6543 is locate
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7 NGC 2403 Type: Mixed Spiral Galax
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according to theory, the gas densit
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8 Ghost’s Goblet NGC 559 Type: Op
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One other thing adds to the cluster
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RA: 22 h 56.8 m Dec: +62° 37' Mag:
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nebula is a near impossibility, eve
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1 0 The Horseshoe Cluster NGC 663 T
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heart of the cluster, dividing it i
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appears to be the edge of a rapidly
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1 2 NGC 6946 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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to the west by a row of similarly b
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the south-southwest. NGC 457, howev
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photographs. The cluster's bright "
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play begins at 8:00 p.m., when my e
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ightness by summing the contributio
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jewels. Here are sapphires, rubies,
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15 outer shell falls upon the retin
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"knots" have also been noted by exp
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tight gathering of a half-dozen rou
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1 7 NGC 147 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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the center. A faint outer halo is a
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1 9 Cocoon Nebula IC 5146 (nebula)
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trickle into the pool surrounding t
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2 0 North America Nebula NGC 7000 T
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egion's size and mass extreme when
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The Caldwell Objects 20 87
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2 1 Box Galaxy NGC 4449 Type: Irreg
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fuse but obvious glow of patchy lig
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qualifier—the word "light" — ha
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with a sheen of light, especially a
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1003, NGC 1023, and NGC 1058 (a nic
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Way) that pop in and out of view as
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RA: 03 h 19 m 48 s Dec: +41° 30.7'
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Through the 4-inch, NGC 1275 is les
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(300,000 light-years), Pal 4 (360,0
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26 Silver Needle Galaxy NGC 4244 Ty
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2 7 Crescent Nebula NGC 6888 Type:
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Observatory, England) still lists a
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pie refractors and inefficient spec
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29 NGC 5005 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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s h a edges. r p However, Christian
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ulars; challenge yourself and your
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NGC 7331 is extended much farther t
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away" stars escaped the confines of
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sweep the telescope in a north-sout
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highly suspect by some. However, in
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33 Network Nebula; Bridal Veil Nebu
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A quarter-second later, the star en
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under the dark skies of Seagrave Ob
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35 NGC 4889 Type: Elliptical Galaxy
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magnitude 12.2 some 18' to the east
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36 NGC 4559 Type: Mixed Spiral Gala
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Comae Berenices, the obvious northe
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3 7 NGC 6885 Type: Open Cluster Con
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pressed, stars of magnitude 6 to 11
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of Herschel's telescope. W then e e
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see the dark needle near the third
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sion of a "thin flat ring of enormo
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(which does not appear on Sky Atlas
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not be found in planetary nebulae,
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star in a large naked-eye triangle
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4 0 NGC 3626 Type: Lenticular Galax
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40 NGC 4546 in Virgo, NGC 4138 in C
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Northern Hemisphere, and people cel
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magnitude field star 2' to the nort
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this state of affairs.) The Hyades
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4 2 NGC 7006 Type: Globular Cluster
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each square arcminute of its disk s
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4 3 Electric Arc NGC 7814 Type: Spi
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hook as my "train route." Start at
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230 billion Suns and a physical dia
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4 5 NGC 5248 Type: Mixed Spiral Gal
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of the field. Those living under da
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1" in a mere four days. Clearly, La
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porarily) even the most practiced o
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stragglers are stars that appear to
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4 8 NGC 2775 Type: Spiral Galaxy (S
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with a CCD camera — discovered a
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this wreathlike network of dust and
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fuzzy patch of light with the unaid
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known as NGC 2244; and NGC 2239 sho
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At a glance the two stars at the cl
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On four plates taken with the Bruce
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years. A total of 43 star-cluster c
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5 2 NGC 4697 Type: Elliptical Galax
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northeast of the sixth star in the
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53 The Spindle NGC 3115 Type: Lenti
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and the 100-inch telescopes atop Mo
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emerge, followed by a diffuse outer
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perfection than is actually the cas
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jets, like a stream of water from t
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5 6 Pac-Man Nebula NGC246 Type: Pla
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the triple-alpha process, wherein t
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5 7 Barnard's Galaxy NGC 6822 Type:
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to show how the galaxy's western re
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core and limber arms, which, he wro
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esembles Jupiter . . . '" Smyth's f
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years" and suggests amateurs monito
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6 0 Ringtail Galaxy; Rataail Galaxy
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war. X-ray images taken by the Rosa
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W. Sinnott's NGC 2000.0 has a visua
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62 Milkweed Seed Galaxy NGC247 Type
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through the narrow haze. But give t
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was more readily seen in binoculars
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Society. Accepting that distance, w
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any large telescope that can provid
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ought it to our attention in the Fe
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inch the cluster shows a pyramid of
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NGC 253 is the brightest member of
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magnitude stars, one just to the ea
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6 6 NGC5694 Type: Globular Cluster
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you see its core dancing? Its starl
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cosmologist Halton Arp (Max-Planck
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and kinked. All this detail is wrap
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telescope. But seeing it takes more
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streamers begin to appear, but they
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tounding, because NGC 6302 is a mag
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70 Southern Pinwheel NGC300 Type: S
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would John Herschel suddenly fault
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Dunlop discovered NGC 55 with his 9
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even when crossing the meridian. Co
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"nebulous clusters" (Class II); and
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galaxy's disk and halo. NGC 2477 ap
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condensed, almost to the very margi
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The asymmetry remains at high power
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other popular nickname, the Eight-B
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longed look, the object displays a
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times larger than the full Moon. In
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emains of a globular cluster that w
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he classified them accordingly. NGC
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NGC 6231). Under averted vision the
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7 7 Centaurus A NGC5128 Type: Pecul
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Harvard College Observatory's 24-in
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at 16 million light-years. If you s
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78 NGC 6541 Type: Globular Cluster
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seems to fragment into tiny stars,
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sense, evinced by any known cluster
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12th-magnitude double star. The clu
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original with Bayer, but goes back
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Omega Centauri is generally regarde
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glitter all come to mind as the clu
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shattered remains of their diminuti
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It's a nice even disk of l0th-magni
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with the fiery reddish light of hyd
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nebulosity when he viewed the regio
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the two jets of radio-wave-emitting
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pair of tweezers. A fairly bright s
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suggest that our universe may be on
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8 5 Omicron Velorum Cluster IC2391
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Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, however,
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much sky as does the full Moon, tho
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timates, making it 2 billion years
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NGC 5822. Don't be surprised if you
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89 S Normae Cluster NGC 6087 Type:
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fact, if you look about 7' southwes
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lowing night fell clear, when Hersc
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NGC 2867 is a nitrogen-rich planeta
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halfway between M37 in Auriga (200
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9 2 Eta Carinae Nebula GC 3372 Type
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anch of cold, dark material. Indeed
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stretch 16 billion km from the cent
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the object was known to some civili
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east, and a dim lip of gas to the s
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1 0 1 NGC 6744 Type: Barred Spiral
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have been identified in NGC 6752's
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ightest spiral arm(s) to the north,
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his maiden voyage of discovery in 1
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simply takes much too much effort t
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very wide double of near-equal inte
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went out and looked at the cluster
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NGC 2516 is 60 million years young
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and contains some 1,890 members, wh
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9 8 Coalsack Cluster NGC 4609 Type:
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it near the Swan? There is a still
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with the naked eye is a challenge.
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1 0 0 Lambda Centauri Cluster Colli
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position updates to (2000.0) R.A. 1
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Eta Carinae Nebula. But remember th
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9th magnitude. Of the latter, 23 ha
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103 1 0 3 Tarantula Nebula; True Lo
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southern-sky explorer Abbe Nicolas
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104 NGC 362 Type: Globular Cluster
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ters it has had thus far with the g
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ly east of NGC 362 we find the magn
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the eye ever inward and takes your
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1 0 5 Southern Butterfly NGC 4833 T
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stars"). Lacaille also likened NGC
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is about 7' in length, and nearly 2
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Page 451 and 452: This entry is obviously in error, b
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Page 461 and 462: 19 N G C 6 2 8 1 T y O p e C : n l
Page 463 and 464: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 465 and 466: C Name Type Con. R.A. Dec Mag. Size
Page 467 and 468: Appendix B Why Messier Did N o t i
Page 469 and 470: A typical pattern for evening hunti
Page 471 and 472: Earth turns, the cluster would clim
Page 473 and 474: Initially Herschel made his living
Page 475 and 476: of the heavens with it. For his swe
Page 477 and 478: tube's front end. This meant that t
Page 479 and 480: Star in Collo Ceti" about the star
Page 481 and 482: years, Herschel would observe some
Page 483 and 484: fluid, but added that ages of obser
Page 485 and 486: Appendix D Photo Credits in order o
Page 487 and 488: A Abell426, 101 Acrux, 388, 392, 39
Page 489 and 490: index Caldwell 44, 173, 176-178 Cal
Page 491: and nebulae, 271, 274, 362 and open
Page 495 and 496: M103, 49-50, 58-59 M110, 77 MACHOs.
Page 497 and 498: NGC 3324, 369 NGC 3372 (Caldwell 92
Page 499 and 500: Perseus Cluster, 101 Phi Cas Cluste
Page 501 and 502: Τ Tarantula Nebula (Caldwell 103),
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The Caldwell Objects

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