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nutrition information and food terms in six Zambian languages (Bemba, Kaonde, Lovale, Lozi, and Tonga). Basic nutrient composition data for domesticated and wild plants found regionally have been produced by the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa land (n.d.) and Carr (1961). Specific studies on nutrient values for edible wild plants have been published by Carr (1956) who reported high calcium and phosphorus values for Adenia gummiferia, Amaranthus thunbergii, Bidens pilosa, Corchorus tridens, and Gyandropsis gynandra. Elsewhere, Carr (1955; 1957; 1958) identified baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) as exceptionally high in ascorbic acid; among the highest ascorbic acid values reported for any piant in Africa. The focus on human use of wild plants as food attracted Pardy (1951a; 1951b; 1951c; 1951d; 1951e) who provided basic notes on indigenous trees and shrubs of Zimbabwi, noting dietary utilization of fruits from Adansonia digitata, Parinaria mobola, Thespesia garckeana, and Uapaca kirkiana, as well as edible resins from Acacia karroo. The danger of dietary utilization of wild food resources lies in in cautious collection and consumption of toxic plants. Crossley and Gelfand (1959) document poisoning by Scilla cooperi while McCarter (1959) presented data on human poisoning by Lepiota morganii -- consumed by inexperienced gatherers. Republidof..South Africa Numerous accounts outline the role wild and domesticated foods play in the nutrition of traditional societies within the Republic of South Africa. Bryant (1907) was among the first to describe local foods and their preparation, a theme subsequently developed in the classic work of Richards (1932) that identified the theoretical framework for understanding food related activities in any world society. 54.
Fox and Weintraub (1937) in their work on native dietaries identified wild leaves as high in calcium, and vitamins A and C, noting that in many instances the leaves were higher in ascorbic acid than citrus. Fox and Weintraub documented a basic decline in utilization of wild plant foods due to "European" influences; traditional peoples wishing to immitate South African "White" dietary practices, with resulting decline in the nutritional quality of traditional diet! Osborn and Noriskin (1937) provided additional information on the role wild leaves play, noting that they are seldom consum ed by Transkei (Xhosa) males, but are instead a major Xhosa female food. They noLe that wild foods have a major role to play in maintaining the quality of diet of the baSotho of Lesotho (Basutoland), the baTswana of Botswana (Bechuana land), and among Portuguese immigrants to South Africa. Fox (1939) provides recipes from the eastern Cape Province, including information on relishes of wild foods used by Xhosa and Pondo peoples. Other studies have focused specifically on the dietary practices of specific ethnic groups. The Xhosa have been surveyed by Rose (1972) and Rose and Guil larmond (1974) who report extensive use of wild foods on a daily basis with importance attached to nine genera and species; Amaranthus spp., Bidens pilosa, Chenopodium alba, Sonchus spp., Taraxacum spp., Urtica burchelli, Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, and Solanum nigrum (Table 25). In addition, they report potential nutritional problems from consuming certain species that are capable of concen trating nitrates, but note that such species are drought resistant and possibly could be genetically improved through a research program. The Pedi were the focus of a major food habit, nutritional investigation by Quin (1959; 1964) who provided information on each type of domesticated and wild food used (Table 26). His work is also important because the text pro 55.
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1. uONTROL NUMBER 2. SUBJECT CLASSI
Page 3 and 4:
REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE A
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) WILD
Page 7 and 8:
TABLES (CONTINUED) 25. Xhosa Edible
Page 9 and 10:
potential for such species within t
Page 11 and 12:
medicinal plants are ingested, prov
Page 13 and 14: 1883) on diet and plants in ancient
Page 15 and 16: eports, however, is that by Metz et
Page 17 and 18: Turning to East Africa, important b
Page 19 and 20: TABLES 1 - 7 FOLLOW TEXT RESUMES ON
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Classification of African
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 4. Plants Used by Bushmen in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 6. Staple Wild Plants and Fam
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 7. Edible Wild Plants of Zanz
Page 29 and 30: West Africa: Botanical/Dietary Data
Page 31 and 32: and Solanum indicum. The most impor
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 8. Supplementary and Emergenc
Page 35 and 36: STEMS TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) Euphorbia
Page 37 and 38: SEEDS (CONTINUED) FUNGI FERNS Oryza
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 10. Edible Wild Plants from B
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 12. Indigenous Wild Edible Pl
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 14. Nutritional Value of Edib
Page 45 and 46: y the Mondari Baronga, near Tali, n
Page 47 and 48: is an overview of dietary practices
Page 49 and 50: gional informaton on the nutritiona
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 15. Edible Wild Plants of the
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) Latin Terminol
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) Garcinia livin
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 18. Indigenous Plants Used as
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 19. Edible Wild Plants, Shiny
Page 61 and 62: South Africa: General If there is a
Page 63: while Scudder (1962) provided impor
Page 67 and 68: In addition to general overviews on
Page 69 and 70: 411) reported that the Tlhaping sat
Page 71 and 72: Among the Tlokwa hunting is primari
Page 73 and 74: is a diversified food base, includi
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 21. Swazi Edible Wild Plants
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 23. Edible Wild Plants of Mal
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 24. Gwembe Tonga Edible Wild
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 25. Xhosa Edible Wild Plants,
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 27. Nutritional Value of Sele
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 29. Edible Wild Cucumbers (Cu
Page 93 and 94: DISCUSSION AND SYNTHESIS Returning
Page 95 and 96: quality of human diet and that nutr
Page 97 and 98: RECOMMENDATIONS Accordingly, the fo
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX 1. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SEAR
Page 101 and 102: PIPERACEAE 17 wild plant. The dried
Page 103 and 104: KEY TO USEFUL PLANTS I. FOOD PLA.rS
Page 105 and 106: KEY TO USEFUL PLANTS xvii X.XVII. F
Page 107 and 108: Cordia, myxa Crotalaria ochrolcuca
Page 109 and 110: FOOD PLANTS xxi Parinari curntelfir
Page 111 and 112: CONDIMENTS, SPICES, OR FLAVOURING A
Page 113 and 114: APPENDIX 4. The Role of Wild Plants
Page 115 and 116:
-ABLE 1I (continued) Vhus abyssinic
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ABLE II (continued) icus gnaphaloca
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,pegia aristolochioides ae Subsp. a
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Baxter, P. T. W., and A. Butt (19S,
Page 123 and 124:
Carr, W. R. (1957). Notes on Some S
Page 125 and 126:
114. Darby, W. J., P. Ghalioungui,
Page 127 and 128:
Fanshawe, D. B., and J. M. Mutimush
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Gerlach, L. P. (i964). Traders on B
Page 131 and 132:
120. Gulliver, P., and P. H. Gulliv
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Irvine, F. R. (1948b). The Indigeno
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Lagercrantz, S. (1951). Food. pp. 9
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Loret, V. (1886). Recherches sur pl
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Mondonedo, J. R. (1969). Some Sourc
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130. Pardy, A. A. (1951d). Notes on
Page 143 and 144:
Robson, J. R. K. (1976). Changing F
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Silberbauer, G. B. (1965). Report t
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Strydom, E. S. P., and A. S. Wehmey
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Unger, F. (1860). Die Pflanzenreste
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Wehmeyer, A. S. (1966). The Nutrien
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REFERENCES CITED: OUT OF SEQUENCE 1
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