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TABLE 31. Comparative Utilization of Edible Wild Plants: Agro-Pastoral Moshaweng Tlokwa and !Kung, /Gwi, =/Kade San, and !Xo Bushman Societies FOOD CATEGORY Tlokwa !Kung /Gwi =/Kade San !Xo Leaves and Stalks 22 4 6 14 3 Bulbs, Roots, Tubers 31 31 8 34 8 Berries, Fruits, Nuts, Seeds 47 34 20 20 5 Barks, Flowers, Resins 23 16 ? 9 ? Mushrooms 3 ? ? 1 1 TOTALS 126 85 34 78 17 SOURCE: GRIVETTI (1979, p. 251) 81.
DISCUSSION AND SYNTHESIS Returning to questions posed at the outset of this report, should agri cultural development within the tropical zone of sub-Saharan Africa consider edible wild plants as a viable research and development focus? Four types of data presented in this report document an unqualified support for such research. 1. While there is abundant information already available identify ing important dietary uses of wild plants by agro-pastoral peoples within the study region, these data have not been systematicany col lected. No region within sub-Saharan Africa has been examined thoroughly for the potential presence of highly nutritious wild plants. Data presented in this report reveal a high number of wild species utilized by agro-pastoral societies within the study area; the reports presented represent an eclectic, unsystematic attempt to identify potentially useful edible wild plants. 2. It is clear that many agro-pastoral societies focus on domesti cated field crops to the near exclusion of wild species. It is also clear that other societies rely heavily on wild plants to pro vide important energy and nutrients under three types of conditions: A) Minimal but important use throughout the year, P) Major important use at specific periods of the year, especially in the months pre ceding harvest of domesticated field crops, and C) Major importance during periods of drought. Wild plants in each region of sub-Saharan Africa are climatically adapted to variable conditions, whereas most domesticated field crops are not. Thus, during drought wild plants may become the most important determinant whether individuals, families, even villages maintain their nutritional quality. 82.
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1. uONTROL NUMBER 2. SUBJECT CLASSI
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REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) WILD
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TABLES (CONTINUED) 25. Xhosa Edible
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potential for such species within t
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medicinal plants are ingested, prov
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1883) on diet and plants in ancient
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eports, however, is that by Metz et
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Turning to East Africa, important b
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TABLES 1 - 7 FOLLOW TEXT RESUMES ON
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TABLE 2. Classification of African
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TABLE 4. Plants Used by Bushmen in
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TABLE 6. Staple Wild Plants and Fam
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TABLE 7. Edible Wild Plants of Zanz
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West Africa: Botanical/Dietary Data
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and Solanum indicum. The most impor
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TABLE 8. Supplementary and Emergenc
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STEMS TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) Euphorbia
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SEEDS (CONTINUED) FUNGI FERNS Oryza
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TABLE 10. Edible Wild Plants from B
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 12. Indigenous Wild Edible Pl
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 14. Nutritional Value of Edib
Page 45 and 46: y the Mondari Baronga, near Tali, n
Page 47 and 48: is an overview of dietary practices
Page 49 and 50: gional informaton on the nutritiona
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 15. Edible Wild Plants of the
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) Latin Terminol
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) Garcinia livin
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 18. Indigenous Plants Used as
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 19. Edible Wild Plants, Shiny
Page 61 and 62: South Africa: General If there is a
Page 63 and 64: while Scudder (1962) provided impor
Page 65 and 66: Fox and Weintraub (1937) in their w
Page 67 and 68: In addition to general overviews on
Page 69 and 70: 411) reported that the Tlhaping sat
Page 71 and 72: Among the Tlokwa hunting is primari
Page 73 and 74: is a diversified food base, includi
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 21. Swazi Edible Wild Plants
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 23. Edible Wild Plants of Mal
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 24. Gwembe Tonga Edible Wild
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 25. Xhosa Edible Wild Plants,
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 27. Nutritional Value of Sele
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 29. Edible Wild Cucumbers (Cu
Page 91: TABLE 30 (CONTINUED) Latin Terminol
Page 95 and 96: quality of human diet and that nutr
Page 97 and 98: RECOMMENDATIONS Accordingly, the fo
Page 99 and 100: APPENDIX 1. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SEAR
Page 101 and 102: PIPERACEAE 17 wild plant. The dried
Page 103 and 104: KEY TO USEFUL PLANTS I. FOOD PLA.rS
Page 105 and 106: KEY TO USEFUL PLANTS xvii X.XVII. F
Page 107 and 108: Cordia, myxa Crotalaria ochrolcuca
Page 109 and 110: FOOD PLANTS xxi Parinari curntelfir
Page 111 and 112: CONDIMENTS, SPICES, OR FLAVOURING A
Page 113 and 114: APPENDIX 4. The Role of Wild Plants
Page 115 and 116: -ABLE 1I (continued) Vhus abyssinic
Page 117 and 118: ABLE II (continued) icus gnaphaloca
Page 119 and 120: ,pegia aristolochioides ae Subsp. a
Page 121 and 122: Baxter, P. T. W., and A. Butt (19S,
Page 123 and 124: Carr, W. R. (1957). Notes on Some S
Page 125 and 126: 114. Darby, W. J., P. Ghalioungui,
Page 127 and 128: Fanshawe, D. B., and J. M. Mutimush
Page 129 and 130: Gerlach, L. P. (i964). Traders on B
Page 131 and 132: 120. Gulliver, P., and P. H. Gulliv
Page 133 and 134: Irvine, F. R. (1948b). The Indigeno
Page 135 and 136: Lagercrantz, S. (1951). Food. pp. 9
Page 137 and 138: Loret, V. (1886). Recherches sur pl
Page 139 and 140: Mondonedo, J. R. (1969). Some Sourc
Page 141 and 142: 130. Pardy, A. A. (1951d). Notes on
Page 143 and 144:
Robson, J. R. K. (1976). Changing F
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Silberbauer, G. B. (1965). Report t
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Strydom, E. S. P., and A. S. Wehmey
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Unger, F. (1860). Die Pflanzenreste
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Wehmeyer, A. S. (1966). The Nutrien
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REFERENCES CITED: OUT OF SEQUENCE 1
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