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conductivity of these polymers for various applications from the insulating regime to the superconducting regime, using different methods of chemical modification, and especially doping. During the last decade, conductive polymers have found applications in a wide variety of fields of technology and science, such as biosensors for coupling of electron transfer, antistatic coating, development of individual electronic devices, gas sensors, electrochromic windows, preparation of pH or reference electrodes, corrosion protection, and whole integrated circuits. At present, conductive polymers are extensively used in novel technologies involving electrochromic, electroluminescent and optoelectric devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) or flat-panel light emitting displays, electronically conductive fibers and wires, solar cells, solid capacitors, and Schottky barrier diodes(Galal, Atta, & Mark Jr, 1998; Kumar & Sharma, 1998). Figure 2-26. The structure of a number of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP). 58
2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the most technologically promising electrically conductive polymers is polyaniline, due to its good environmental stability(Huang, D., & MacDiarmid, 1986), ease of synthesis, versatile processability and stable conductivity in relation with other conductive polymers. Investigations by Macdiarmid et al.(Macdiarmid et al., 1985) in the mid-1980’s resulted in the discovery of electrical conductivity for the emeraldine salt of polyaniline, which led to an explosion of interest in this fascinating polymer. Polyaniline is known to be crystalline, and a highly conducting state is accomplished by simple protonation of the imine nitrogen atoms in the emeraldine base backbone. Only one form of polyaniline, called the emeraldine salt, is electrically conducting. The main disadvantage of all intrinsically conductive polymers, including PANI, is its limited melt-processability. Addition of zinc compound to doped-PANI made some complex allowed a method to tailor the processability of sulfonic acid-doped PANI(Hartikainen et al., 2001; Ruokolainen et al., 2000). It has been observed that for polymer blends containing PANI, a range of conductivity between 10 -10 S cm -1 to 10 -1 S cm -1 (melt processing) and 10 -10 S cm -1 to 10 S cm -1 (solution processing) can be achieved(Panipol, 2000). There are several dopants belonging to the sulfonic acid group for PANI, such as dinonylnaphthalenedisulfonic acid (DNNDSA). Among the sulfonic acids, camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA) is much used for this purpose due to high solubility of PANI-CSA in m-cresol(Vikki et al., 1996). A soluble PANI-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) dispersion was synthesized by Kababya et al.,(Kababya, Appel, Haba, Titelman, & Schmidt, 1999) showing that DBSA is molecularly miscible with PANI. PANI-DBSA dispersions have been recently used to prepare blends with other commodity plastics(Haba, et al., 2000). 2.3.1.2.1.1 Binary PANI/Polymer or Ternary PANI/Polymer/Polymer Blends Co-continuous polymer blends of PANI and a variety of classical polymers have been extensively studied to improve mechanical properties of these materials and also to decrease the percolation threshold of the conductive polymers. Polystyrene(PS)(Jousseaume, Morsli, & Bonnet, 2002; Jousseaume, Morsli, Bonnet, Tesson, & Lefrant, 1998; Won-Jung et al., 2004; 59
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© Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
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DEDICATED To my parents iii
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RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
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devenir une structure hiérarchique
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ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
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system can be increased from 10 -15
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CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
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deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
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structures à percolation multiple
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autre sous-type de morphologie dans
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
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5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
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xxvii REFERENCES ..................
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LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
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Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
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Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
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Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
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Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
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and c) triangular concentration dia
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n number of moles p concentration o
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AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
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PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
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1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
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Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
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One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54: On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56: 2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58: Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60: Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64: Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66: where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68: “compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70: a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72: Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74: measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76: a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78: Omonov et al. found double percolat
Page 79 and 80: 2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
Page 81 and 82: a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
Page 83 and 84: In the case where PS is the matrix,
Page 85 and 86: Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
Page 87 and 88: lattice, such as square lattice, wi
Page 89 and 90: magnetization, which is a function
Page 91 and 92: Polymers have long been thought of
Page 93 and 94: epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
Page 95 and 96: Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
Page 101 and 102: Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
Page 103: chain provides the conductive path
Page 107 and 108: CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
Page 109 and 110: Narkis and co-workers extended and
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
Page 113 and 114: organic thin films, a novel and str
Page 115 and 116: on the topic have been reported in
Page 117 and 118: succeeded in creating thin films wi
Page 119 and 120: Addition of salt to the solution of
Page 121 and 122: different from that of linear homop
Page 123 and 124: Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
Page 125 and 126: polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
Page 127 and 128: 2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
Page 129 and 130: 2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
Page 131 and 132: important factors determining the g
Page 133 and 134: As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
Page 135 and 136: increasing the pH value due to a de
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
Page 139 and 140: discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
Page 143 and 144: or model which predicts where the p
Page 145 and 146: concentration threshold for the ons
Page 147 and 148: chemical and weathering resistance,
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
Page 151 and 152: filled with blend pellets. To facil
Page 153 and 154: 4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
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ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
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spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
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Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
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A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
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Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
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deposited PANI layers increases unt
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(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
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6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
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modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
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Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
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6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
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a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
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y Harkins theory, PS will always si
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a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
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a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
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c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
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Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
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Addition of a low concentration of
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Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
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icontinuous network with the HDPE.
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Three examples are shown in Figure
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(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
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structures are formed due to the co
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
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REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
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Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
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Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
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Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
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Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
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Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
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Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
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Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
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Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
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Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
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Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
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Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
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literature has examined factors inf
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(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
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Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
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acquisition of images with a very h
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Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
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(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
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PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
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Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
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Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
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of PANI, and an increase in the con
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Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
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esistance value. Samples containing
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The results of resistance for PS/PE
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Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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