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xxiv 4.3.5 Characterization of Phase Morphology .................................................................. 106 4.3.5.1 Microtoming and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) .............................. 106 4.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) ........................ 106 4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements ................................................................................... 107 4.4 Results and Discussions .............................................................................................. 107 4.4.1 Reducing the Percolation Threshold of PANI in a Multi-component Polymer Blend 107 4.4.2 Self-Assembled Onion Morphology and the Hierarchical Ordering of Phases ...... 110 4.4.3 Generating Highly Continuous (Multiple-Percolated) Quaternary Polymer Blends 115 4.4.4 Generating Highly Continuous Quinary Polymer Blends ...................................... 121 4.4.5 The Effect of Diblock Copolymer on the Morphology and Conductivity of Multiple-Percolated Blend Systems .................................................................................... 125 4.4.6 The Effect of the Number of Components of Multi-Percolated Structures on Conductivity ........................................................................................................................ 127 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 131 4.6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 132 CHAPTER 5 - 3D POROUS POLYMERIC MATERIAL WITH LOW PERCOLATION THRESHOLD OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMER PREPARED USING LBL DEPOSITION ..................................................................................................... 136 5.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 136 5.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 137 5.3 Experimental Methods ................................................................................................ 141 5.3.1 Materials ................................................................................................................. 141 5.3.2 Rheological Analysis .............................................................................................. 142 5.3.3 Substrate Preparation .............................................................................................. 143
5.3.4 Annealing Test ........................................................................................................ 144 5.3.5 Solvent Extraction ................................................................................................... 144 5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition ..................................................................................... 145 5.3.7 Filling the Porous Sample with a Resin .................................................................. 145 5.3.8 Characterization and Phase Morphology ................................................................ 145 5.3.8.1 Microtomy and Scanning Electron Microscopy ............................................. 145 5.3.8.2 Focused Ion Beam and Atomic Force Microscopy ......................................... 146 5.3.8.3 Conductivity Measurements ........................................................................... 146 5.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................... 146 5.4.1 Multiple-Percolated Morphology with Large Continuous Domain Phases ............ 146 5.4.2 Annealing the Samples in order to Increase Pore Size ........................................... 152 5.4.3 Continuity and Surface Areas of Substrates ........................................................... 154 5.4.4 Layer-by-Layer Deposition of PSS/PANI .............................................................. 156 5.4.5 Mass Deposition Dynamics of PSS/PANI .............................................................. 158 5.4.6 The Effect of Salt on the Mass Deposition Growth of PSS/PANI ......................... 162 5.4.7 Conductivity Measurement of the Conductive Porous Polymer Device ................ 165 5.4.8 Conductivity of the Conductive Porous Polymer Device under Loads .................. 167 5.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 168 5.6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 169 5.7 References ................................................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER 6 - MORPHOLOGICAL STATES FOR A TERNARY POLYMER BLEND DEMONSTRATING COMPLETE WETTING ..................................................... 172 6.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 172 6.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 173 xxv
Page 1 and 2: © Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATED To my parents iii
Page 5 and 6: RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
Page 7 and 8: devenir une structure hiérarchique
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
Page 11 and 12: system can be increased from 10 -15
Page 13 and 14: CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
Page 15 and 16: deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
Page 17 and 18: structures à percolation multiple
Page 19 and 20: autre sous-type de morphologie dans
Page 21 and 22: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
Page 23: xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
Page 27 and 28: xxvii REFERENCES ..................
Page 29 and 30: LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
Page 37 and 38: Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
Page 39 and 40: and c) triangular concentration dia
Page 41 and 42: n number of moles p concentration o
Page 43 and 44: AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
Page 45 and 46: PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
Page 47 and 48: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
Page 51 and 52: One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54: On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56: 2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58: Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60: Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64: Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66: where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68: “compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70: a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72: Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74: measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76:
a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78:
Omonov et al. found double percolat
Page 79 and 80:
2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
Page 81 and 82:
a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
Page 83 and 84:
In the case where PS is the matrix,
Page 85 and 86:
Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
Page 87 and 88:
lattice, such as square lattice, wi
Page 89 and 90:
magnetization, which is a function
Page 91 and 92:
Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
Page 105 and 106:
2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
Page 109 and 110:
Narkis and co-workers extended and
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
Page 113 and 114:
organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
Page 119 and 120:
Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
Page 127 and 128:
2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
Page 131 and 132:
important factors determining the g
Page 133 and 134:
As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
Page 135 and 136:
increasing the pH value due to a de
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
Page 139 and 140:
discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
Page 141 and 142:
CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
Page 143 and 144:
or model which predicts where the p
Page 145 and 146:
concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
Page 159 and 160:
microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
Page 181 and 182:
ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
Page 191 and 192:
5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
Page 195 and 196:
a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
Page 197 and 198:
spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
Page 201 and 202:
Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
Page 207 and 208:
A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
Page 215 and 216:
deposited PANI layers increases unt
Page 217 and 218:
(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
Page 219 and 220:
6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
Page 221 and 222:
modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
Page 225 and 226:
Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
Page 227 and 228:
6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
Page 229 and 230:
a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232:
y Harkins theory, PS will always si
Page 233 and 234:
a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
Page 235 and 236:
a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
Page 239 and 240:
c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
Page 241 and 242:
Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
Page 243 and 244:
Addition of a low concentration of
Page 245 and 246:
Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
Page 247 and 248:
icontinuous network with the HDPE.
Page 249 and 250:
Three examples are shown in Figure
Page 251 and 252:
(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
Page 253 and 254:
structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258:
REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260:
Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262:
Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264:
Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266:
Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268:
Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270:
Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272:
Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274:
Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276:
Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278:
Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280:
Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282:
literature has examined factors inf
Page 283 and 284:
(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
Page 285 and 286:
Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
Page 287 and 288:
acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290:
Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292:
(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294:
PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296:
Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
Page 297 and 298:
Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300:
of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302:
Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304:
esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305 and 306:
The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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